Critically examine the different sources of finance available to businesses

MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS TERMPAPER1 Executive Summary The information which was used to explicate the theoretical model was put together utilizing both primary and secondary information. Information was gathered from the cyberspace ; the literatures and transferred prior cognition that was garnered from an in-class treatment as a beginning of informations. The confer withing company enables companies to come in new market, addition grosss and better operational public presentations, analyzes the current concern operation and determines ways that the company can run smoother. Powell’s finance service which is the private company is a taking maker that provides concerns with fiscal aid and has been in being since May 2003. The finance section of a concern is one the most of import sections in the concern as it is in this country where all the money is managed. The fiscal resources in a concern are what will travel the concern from one phase to another.The fiscal facet of a occupation is really of import as no programs of the organi sation can be carried out without the fiscal section being called for. The finish of any finance map is to accomplish three benefits: concern support service, lower costs and effectual command of the surrounding† . ( Griffin, n.d. ) . Making determinations in a concern semen with tactical thought. As these determinations can either do or interrupt the company. â€Å"Decision devising is an indispensable leading accomplishment If you can larn how do timely, well- debated determinations, so you can take your squad to well-deserved success† . ( Mind Tools, n.d. ) . Other organisations describe determination devising as the cognitive procedure ensuing in the choice of a belief or a class of action among several alternate possibilities. So this merely goes to demo the relevancy of good determination devising because what every determination doing procedure produces a concluding pick that may non motivate action. So with the fiscal direction and the determination doing a company can seek to travel from strength to strength. Rationale The intent of this research is to demo the importance of the different beginnings of finance available to concerns. Finance is a really of import factor of any concern ; finance is needed in every concern in order to better. There are many beginnings through which a company can have its finance in order to increase its capital. Background Private Spouses Powell’s fiscal service is a taking maker that provides concerns with fiscal aid and has been in being since May 2003, this concern has grown to be one among the taking fiscal companies in Jamaica with both internal every bit good as external stakeholders. It is located in the centre of Half Way Tree and looking frontward to the international market. One of its stakeholders is a Willis Consultant Company who helps in helping the policy ‘s company’s public presentation, possible and assesses its communicating, cognition, information, interaction and needs as this is a major failing of the company. This fiscal company is responsible for the direction of the organisation ‘s hard currency flow and guaranting at that place plenty financess available to run into the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours payments, this country besides encompasses recognition and collects policies for the company’s clients, to guarantee the organisation is paid on clip and i s a payment policy for the company’s provider. As a Small Business Enterprise it is hard to vie with our rivals so we had to engage a Business Consulting Firm to make solutions to our jobs, acquire the merchandise on the market and to hike the sale of it so it can be recognized worldwide. VISION STATEMENT Powel’s fiscal service is the Prime Minister centre that offers quality services to its clients. . MISION STATEMENT Powel’s Financial with the accent on good client service and good trained employees Powel’s Financial will efficaciously put to death responsibilities WILLIS CONSULTING COMPANY The Willis adviser company is owned and o3perated by Ghenya Johnson and was established in the twelvemonth May 1985. Our good trained employees include: Secretary, Accountants, Selling Directors, Human Resource Managers, Managers, General Managers, Chief Executive Officers ( CEO ) , and the Consultants. We are located in three locations Mandeville, Santa Cruz and our caput office in Kingston. This confer withing house provides professional advice for a fee. This steadfast employs professionalism with the specialised expertness to assist authoritiess and organisations across all industries and concern maps create value for their clients and stakeholders in all countries and phases of concern, we specialize largely in helping clients with pull offing information, communicating, cognition, information, interaction and needs ; it lends valuable expertness and provides advice and counsel in many ways. This company enables companies to come in new market, addition grosss and better operational public presentations, analyzes the current concern operation and determines ways that the company can run smoother. Our aim apart from doing a net income is to go on developing our clients concern in footings of communicating cognition and seting together information, making solutions to assorted bugs in the concern biosphere, our figure one end is to help our clients in any manner possible given them the competitory border that is needed to win in their assorted endeavor’s. We here at Willis Consulting Company takes great pride in the advice we give as we are cognizant of how unforgiving this concern can be. For 28 old ages, our company has weathered the storm under the brilliant leading of Ghenya Johnson therefore doing our name as one of the best consulting company in the part. We look frontward to working with each other and every one of you in recognizing your dreams and going the best that you can perchance be, here at Willis Consulting Company we pride ourselves on functioning the local and international community. Our piece of land record for the assorted old ages speaks for itself, we have helped falling cooperation acquire back on path. We will be looking frontward to working with you and we extend our deepest thanks for taking Willis consults as the thrust forcing to help you in this venture. VISION STATEMENT This company enables companies to come in new market, addition grosss and better operational public presentations, analyzes the current concern operation and determines ways that the company can run smoother. MissionStatement Our figure one end is to help our clients in any manner possible given them the competitory border that is needed to win in their assorted enterprises AimTo place the beginnings of finance available to concernTo understand the deductions of finance as a resource within a concern.To do fiscal determinations based on fiscal informationTo supply an assessment of the fiscal public presentation of a concern Methodology In seting together information on the research the research worker, acquired a wealth of cognition by qualitative and quantitative research methods which applied in this thesis in the class of informations analysis, Primary informations were collected through inquiries ( questionnaires ) asked two individuals in the concern field that the research worker is familiar with, these inquiries ( questionnaires ) were asked so researcher could hold a better apprehension. Questionnaires can besides be analyzed more scientifically and objectively than any other signifiers of research and can be conducted by a big figure of people in a short period of clip and in a comparatively cost effectual manner. Harmonizing to Leary ( 1995 ) , there are distinguishable advantages in utilizing a questionnaire vs. an interview methodological analysis: questionnaires are less expensive and easier to administrate than personal interviews ; they lend themselves to group disposal ; and, they allow confidentiality to be assured. Robson ( 1993 ) indicates that mailed studies are highly efficient at supplying information in a comparatively brief clip period at low cost to the research worker. The secondary informations which was used to explicate the theoretical model was gathered from the cyberspace ; the literatures and transferred prior cognition that was garnered from an in-class treatment as a beginning of informations aggregation. Analysis 1.1 Identify the beginnings of finance available to a concern Finance Finance is a outgrowth of economic sciences concerned with resource allotment every bit good as resource direction, achievement and investing. Finance trades with affairs related to money and the markets. SOURES OF FINANCE AVAILABLE TO BUSINESSHire Purchase- this is a sort of episode recognition, which is similar to renting the lone exclusion is that the possesstion of the good base on ballss to the hire purchase client to the concluding recognition episode, whereas a rental ne'er becomes a owner of.Renting – this is a method of obtaining the usage of assets of the concern without utilizingBank Lending-Government assistances-Retained Earnings- the sum of gaining retained within the concern has a directOrdinary/ Equity shares- this is interchanging a part of the ownership of the concern for a fiscal investing in the concern. The ownership interest, ensuing from an equity investing allows the investors to portion in the company’s net incomes.Analysis 1.2 ASSESS THE IMPLICATIONA OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FINANCE Beginnings of finance can either be long term or short term. Long term beginnings of finance can be paid back over many old ages while short term beginnings of finance must be paid back in one twelvemonth clip. Beginnings OF FINANCE THAT COVERS SHORT TERM:An overdraft facility- this is where Bankss allow houses to take more money that it has in its bank history.Trade credit- this is where providers deliver the goods now and are willing to wait for a period of clip before payment.Factoring- this is where houses sell their measures to a factor like Bankss, they pattern this in order to acquire money immediately alternatively of waiting 28 yearss to be paid the full sum..Beginnings OF FINANCE THAT COVERS LONG TERM:Owners who invest money in their concern for sole bargainers and spouse this can be their nest eggs. For companies, the support invested by stockholders is called portion capital.Loan from a bank or family/friends.Debentures- these are loans made to a family.Mortgage- this is a particular type of loan for purchasing belongings where monthly payments are made for the usage of equipment’s such as autos.Leased – these are equipment’s on rental and non owned by the h ouse, hired equipment’s are owned by the house after concluding payment.Grants- this can come from charities or the authorities to assist concerns acquire taken up, particularly in parts of high usage. Analysis 1.3 EVALUATE THE APPROPRIATE SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR BUSINESS PROJECTS Whether 1 is get downing a new concern or seeking to spread out on an bing one, taking the right beginning of finance for the state of affairs can be really ambitious, therefore there are many beginnings to take from and each beginning of finance has its ain advantages and disadvantages. Bank Loans- bank loans can be a existent good beginning as I may be able to guarantee the personal loan or line of acknowledgment ; these loans are available to finance the purchase of stock list and equipment every bit easy as to keep runing good as to obtain operating capital and financess for concern enlargement. These loans are clip honored and a really reliable method of financing a little patronage, finance houses with important collateral and a long class record, and the footings they offer are frequently really stiff. DisadvantageThese loans are difficult to predominate unless little concern receives a substantial path record or valuable collateral like existent land.Monetary value of bank loans- involvement rates for little concern loans from my boxes can be really high and the sum of bank support for which the concern qualifies is frequently non sufficient to wholly carry through the demand.AdvantageBanks will merely loan money to a commercial endeavor based on the value of the occupation and its perceiving abilities to function the loan by doing payments on clip or in full.Banks do non take ownership in your concern or acquire involved in any facets of running the concern to which it grants loan.Recommendation Finance is required to advance or make occupations, addition assets, green goods merchandises, run market studies every bit good as to promote.Establishment thought fundss on being antiphonal, efficient, and quantitative and risk averse. So the finance section is the bosom of the whole operation of a concern and that’s why this section is so of import and important. Finance is needed throughout the life of every company, it is needed to get down a concern and incline it up to profitableness, the type and sum of finance required for a concern depend on factors such as the type of concern, the sum of money that will be needed and the clip span in which it will be needed, the success of the house and the province of the economic system. The fiscal demands of a concern will change harmonizing to the type and size of the concern. In the early phase of any concern one is improbable to hold all the capital it needs to acquire started, and so will hold a list of thoughts and options for funding. Since bank loans are the most traditional manner of funding concerns it is the method that most concern proprietors use in order to finance their concern, hence it has advantages and disadvantages like any other beginnings of finance so one should carefully see if it is the best option for the type of concern before doing a concluding determination. There are two major beginnings of finance for any concern and these include the internal and external beginnings of finance. The proprietor of the concern is the 1 who chooses the best signifier of finance to be used by the concern, the concern can merely come on if the right beginning of finance is being used. There are three major types of support options that are available to little concerns and these are debt funding, equity funding and grants. Debt funding is the handiness of recognition or loans to little concerns that has a good recognition repute, nevertheless the cost of borrowing money is compared with the cost of equity funding for cost benefit analysis. Equity funding is the exchange of a part of the ownership of the concern of fiscal investings in the concern. Decision One of the primary ends of get downing up a concern is for doing money. Finance is the life blood of any concern, for every concern there is a great importance of finance. Finance is the most of import thing to run any concern as it helps it to turn, develop and spread out ; there are many beginnings of finance available to concerns. The categorization of beginnings of finance is dependent on assorted factors and these beginnings of finance can be classified as internal, external, debt, equity or short term and long term. . So the finance section is the bosom of the whole operation of a concern and that’s why this section is so of import and important. There are assorted countries that the finance section covers which play an every bit as good function as any other in the company. One of these is â€Å"Budgeting and Forecasting and this is the relation of your concern and the external community. Driven by net incomes and development estimations, stock monetary values rely on timely informations prediction to accomplish optimum cost and market capitalisation. Another country that the finance section covers is the payables and receivables, this where the all hard currency flow into and out of the concern are managed. Sellers and creditors need payment right and on clip to maintain things running smoothly† . ( Griffin, n.d. ) . In the business, it is best to stay liquid, possessing the right measure of difficult currency on manus and at all times must keep payment programs tat keep back every thing on path as this is best. Small concern net income from this cognition even though non publically sold. Possessing cognition of natu ral stuff demands, staff office and staffing demand and enlargement demands force enterprisers to thoughtfully look at their demands. With the fiscal section being the nucleus of the organisation it needs to be managed decently so as to harvest better consequences. REFRENCESDana Griffin, n.d.The Role of Finance in a Business. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //smallbusiness.chron.com/role-finance-business-290.html. [ Accessed 21 January 15 ]MindTools, n.d.Decision Making Techniques. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/pages/main/newMN_TED.htm. [ Accessed 21 January 15 ]

The Scarlet Letter and the Awakening

The Scarlet Letter is a novel based on the commitment of the sin of adultery. Hester, the main character, slept with another man, thus having a child with him while she was already married. The Awakening is novel that is based on selfhood and feminism. Edna does not love her husband the way that he loves her, so she gains feelings for several other men. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, and Kate Chopin’s, The Awakening, both have similar motifs, yet differentiate in many ways, like the actions of Hester and Edna, symbolism in each novel, and how the other characters affect Hester and Edna, which all affect the views on women and femininity. Hester commits adultery by sleeping with Arthur Dimmesdale thus causing her to have a baby with him that she loves dearly. The problem is that Hester already has a husband, whose name is Chillingworth, but she did not love him as much he loved her. Now, she has to wear a scarlet letter, which is an â€Å"A,† on her chest at all times until she finally reveals who the father of her child is. â€Å"Here, there was the taint of deepest sin in the most sacred quality of human life, working such effect that the world was only the darker for this woman’s beauty, and the more lost for the infant that she had borne. † (Hawthorne, 54) The sin that Hester created is hidden behind her beauty and her child. Divine Maternity is a great image for Puritans, which Hester was. As for Edna, she also does not love her husband but she does love her two children. Since Edna does not feel the same way for her husband, feelings for other men start to occur; not only one, but several others. â€Å"Beneath its pink-lined shelter were his wife, Mrs. Pontellier, and young Robert Lebrun. † (Chopin, 2) Robert was one of the men Edna would flirt with and ended up having feelings for. However, Robert cared about Edna too much to have her commit adultery. Both Hester and Edna had to marry during their time, but they did not love their husbands, so they ended up having affairs with another guy, or guys in Edna’s case. Although they both had affairs with someone else, Edna did not actually commit the crime of adultery. She was merely just talking to other guys and developing feelings for them. Hester actually slept with another man and ended up having a baby with him. Hester and Edna’s actions come to show that Hester’s sin is worse than what Edna did, but the two are still very awful. Symbolism plays a huge role in both novels. Pearl is a major dynamic symbol in The Scarlet Letter. She represents the sin of Hester and Dimmesdale. Throughout the novel, she is constantly changing yet still perceived as evil. However, she is named â€Å"Pearl† because of its literal meaning as well. â€Å"But she named the infant ‘Pearl,’ as if being of great price-purchased with all she had-her mother’s only treasure. † (Hawthorne, 85) Pearl is Hester and Dimmesdale’s treasure that they created. The scarlet letter also represents adultery. Hester is to wear it at all times until she finally decides to reveal who the father of Pearl is. The letter prevents Hester from doing whatever she pleases and causes her to become frustrated. As for The Awakening, the Parrot is one of the main symbols. It represents Edna in the way of how her life is like. The parrot is trapped inside a cage and wants to be released so that it can finally spread its wings and fly. This relates to Edna because she wants to escape from her husband, children, and the society so that she can finally be on her own. Water is another symbol in Chopin’s novel. The sea represents Edna’s freedom and escape. It is where she truly feels like she can be herself and safe in solitary. Also, the sea represents rebirth, in which Edna’s awakening is associated with rebirth. However, Edna ends her life in the sea which also shows how horrifying independence can be. The symbols in both stories represent Hester and Edna and how they act. Each symbol does have a different meaning, though and mean different things between each story. It just comes to show how each character is different from each other regarding their personalities and actions. Other characters in the stories affect the main characters and the plot. Dimmesdale, the father of Pearl, is the man Hester committed her sin with. He is forced to hide the fact that he is the father, because Dimmesdale is a respected minister within their society. Dimmesdale and Hester love each other and love Pearl very dearly. Chillingworth is Hester’s husband and is forced to hide his identity by changing his name. He left Hester for 2 years and within those two years, she committed adultery. Chillingworth comes back only to see that Hester has a child with a man that is not him. Chillingworth figured out that it was Dimmesdale and tries to sabotage him. Pearl is Hester and Dimmesdale’s daughter. Pearl tries to make Hester accept er sin. She also makes her mother wear the scarlet letter and will not take it off for the wrong reason. Pearl does not want her mother to run away from her sin but to face up to it, so when Hester tries to run away from her sin, Pearl starts to become stubborn. â€Å"And here by a sudden impulse, she turned to the young clergyman, Mr. Dimmesdale†¦ –â€Å"Speak thou for me! † cried she. â€Å"Thou wast my pastor, and hadst charge of my soul, and knowest me better than these man can. I will not lose the child! Speak for me! Thou knowest–for thou hast sympathies which these men lack†¦ Look thou to it! I will not lose the child! Look to it! † (Hawthorne, 100). By Hester announcing that, it meant that her only true reason for life was for Pearl, and that if the one richness of her life was devoured by Puritan thought and society, she would have lost her. Pearl was everything to her. She was all that she had left to lose, and she would do anything to protect her beloved daughter. In The Awakening, Leonce Pontellier is Edna’s husband and the father of their two children. He does not spend very much time with them due to him always being out doing other goods with his friends or business. Leonce expects Edna to be the perfect wife and mother and treats her with love. Be that as it may, Edna does not feel the same way towards him. Robert is one of Edna’s lovers. During the beginning of the novel, they start flirting with each other, thus developing feelings towards one another. Adele is one of Edna’s good friends and is the ideal female. She helps Edna gain towards her freedom. Mademoiselle Reisz is Edna’s inspiration. She only revolves her life around one thing; music. She has no husband, no children and is a talented pianist. She helps Edna get to where she is during the climax of the story. Hester seems to love Pearl to a greater degree than Edna loves her children, because of her devotion to Pearl, Hester could be seen as stereotypical ‘true woman' more than than Edna does; not exactly. The commitment of adultery with Dimmesdale is keeping her from having that title. Hester, like Edna, believes that society needs to change its attitude towards women and their role in their society. The difference between the two women is that Hester fees that she has something to lose and if she actually spoke her mind, Pearl would be taken away from her. Edna, however, felt so strongly about the injustices within her society that it became more important to her than her love for her children. Both stories are based on the fact that women are not treated fairly within their society. The two women do not endure their husbands, causing them to have affairs with others. Although, the differences create the actual story for each novel and makes them different in their own way. The actions of the characters really show their personalities. The symbols change how the aspects of the novel and characters are interpreted and other characters affect how the main character is changed.

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Ethnic Style in Male-Female Conversation Research Paper

Ethnic Style in Male-Female Conversation - Research Paper Example Only then two people communicating with each other can understand each other with the shared identity. On the other hand, where there is lack of a common chord in conversational strategies, feelings of disharmony, not being understood are created. In this way, conversational style becomes a major element of ethnicity. Every language has distinct words to interpret specific objects which are different in other languages. However, signalling intentions and attitudes depend on personal styles of individuals. The conversational style is â€Å"both a consequence and indicator of ethnicity† (Tannen, 1982, p.230). Indirectness which is a roundabout way of saying a particular thing is a stamp of one’s distinct style and personality which changes according to situations. It means not explicitly stating what one wants and the meaning is inferred by the listener based on previous conversations and expectations and also from â€Å"culturally agreed upon meanings that are associated with particular expressions† (Tannen, 2006, p.361). This way of expressing through conversation is a means of satisfying the coexisting and conflicting positive and negative forces. For instance, when one wants to be left alone, he will not say it directly as he will not want to cause displeasure to others. He will apply the strategy for an indirect way of saying the same. Indirectness is a manner in which one can fulfil the purpose of both rapport and defensiveness. By rapport, it means a subtle way of expressing one’s desire and getting it fulfilled. It means the desire expressed in a way that it i s understood without being explained. Defensiveness means the strategic way of saying a particular thing which keeps the door open for reneging if the conversation is not accepted favourably by others. For instance, one can always say later on â€Å"I never said that† or â€Å"that isn’t what I meant† (Tanner, 1982, p.218). Since conversational strategies and degrees of indirectness often vary with cultural differences between individuals, therefore misunderstandings even from simple conversations can emerge more in cross-cultural communication.  

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Psychology - Essay Example This sort of experiment usually helps in finding out the criticality and success of a new technique or process and the effect on individuals. Such experiments are often conducted in understanding the effect of fertilizers on crop yield. Random selected fields are assigned experimental treatment and the ones left are used as Control groups. (Babbie, 2010 pp. 240-244)   Insecure ambivalent attachment: John Bowlby, who described attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings, developed the earliest attachment theory. This is shown in case of mothers and infants where infants create a sense of security when mothers are available and responsive to their needs. The insecure ambivalent persons are usually overwhelmed with their emotions and often find themselves unable to think rationally about events. Often their ability to bring things to perspective is drowned by their inability to think. This is due to the fact that basic emotional and physical needs are not being met and hence they often show intense anger, enrage, infuriation, frustration and impatience. Fear of conflict or rejection is high among insecure ambivalent adults. In case of ambivalently attached children, they become very distressed when their parent leaves. These children do not depend on their caregiver when they are in need.   This is seen when a child becomes anxious when its mother leaves, however on reunion, it is pleased that the mother has returned but at the same time also angry and doesn’t trust her to stay. (Goodman, 1997 pp.199-207)   Principle of Closure: The principle of closure implies people seek closure as a form of release from tension. People when threatened seek the closure of safety. People anticipate closure for gaining pleasure. Shopping is accompanied with the anticipated completion of purchase that would give pleasure. The mind works to towards seeing that has not already happened or may not be visible yet. This is seen in Gestaltâ€℠¢s principle of closure, which says that the human mind tends to complete figures although a considerable part of the information is missing. The mind matches it with patterns that are already familiar even if it hasn’t received the complete information. This is also speculative of a survival instinct, which takes the form of a predator that can go ahead with incomplete information. In a person’s thinking, closure comes in two places. The first instant is when an individual understands something and derives meaning out of it. The next instant of closure happens when a decision is taken about some pending issues. Closure helps individuals focus on futures by closing doors of confusions of the past. (Osborn & Osborn, 2004 pp.188-190)   Systematic Desensitization: This technique was developed by Joseph Wolpe for treatment of individuals suffering from anxiety related disorders and phobias. It is centered on the principles of classical conditioning and the understanding that whatever an individual had learned can be unlearned. Researches’ have shown that it is an effective method of reducing panic attacks and anxiety that are often associated with fearful situations. The process starts with imagining oneself in fearful situations and using relaxing strategies to counter it. Once an individual can start doing that, he/she gradually starts desensitizing to factors triggering such panic (Ankrom, 2009). The major focus areas in the process to make an individual

Sanlu Group Essay Example for Free

Sanlu Group Essay The entire world was recently disturbed by the extensive scandal involving imported and contaminated milk coming from China. One company, the Sanlu Group, is believed to be at the center of this milk scare, and it is even speculated that the company had knowledge of the scandal before it was reported (Indiatimes, 2008). Sampling of imported milk from the top three Chinese milk companies are already being conducted worldwide, and it is estimated that ten percent of such milk samples are tainted with melamine, a toxic chemical. Several countries already had varying numbers of children affected or dead, resulting from the contamination of the products (Reuters Foundation, 2008). The said toxic chemical is said to be rich in nitrogen, and it makes the protein level appear higher for milk that has been watered down. Some of the observed harmful effects of melamine on humans, particularly children, are kidney stones and worse, death (Reuters Foundation, 2008). This scandal not only has deleterious effects for the business of China. Worse, it has caused death and severe health consequences to children in various countries across the world. The disorder resulting from the deaths and other injuries has now spread such that most, if not all, countries are conducting tests to determine whether their milk has melamine content. Furthermore, there has been a loss of confidence and a growing doubt in the minds of people on the food products coming from China, and this definitely causes riot in the health community, including the experts and the end consumers. References Indiatimes. (2008). Tainted-milk scam: China apologizes to Taiwan. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Tainted-milk_scam_China_apologizes_to_Taiwan/rssarticleshow/3523852.cms Reuters Foundation. (2008). FACTBOX:Chinas milk scam highlights risks, raises questions. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PEK72695.htm

The islamic idea of death

The islamic idea of death In The Name Of Allah The Beneficent The Merciful In this essay I would like to talk about death. I will define death according to the general understanding as well as the Islamic definition. I will use Quranic Verses along with some Hadith to prove the certainty of death. Then I will describe and present the Islamic idea of death. I will describe the process of death, what occurs after death and what happens to the soul. I will conclude by describing how the remembrance of death is important and how it should affects the thoughts and ideas of a Muslim and causes him to act ethically in this life. Death is defined as the termination of the biological functions of the body[1]. In Islam it refers to the separation of the soul from the body by the Angel of Death. Death is the only certainty in life. It can occur at any moment no matter whether you are 9 or 90. There is no guarantee when we wake up in the morning that we will see the evening or when we go to sleep that we will see the morning. We have a fixed time on the earth and once it is up it cannot be extended. Wherever you may be, death will overtake you, even though you were in lofty towers.[2] The above verse shows that we will have to face death at some point. It is a certainty and it will occur. There is no hiding place not even in high towers. There is no cure for death. What happens after death is unknown because no one has returned to tell us about it. This is why man busies himself in the worldly affairs. He believes it will make him immortal but it is only a distraction for him. The Quran says: Rivalry in worldly increase distracts you. Until you come to the graves.[3] I would like to state the example of Fir Awn[4] for those who believe their wealth will bring them immortality. Here is a man who had power and wealth so much so that he claimed Divinity. Where is he now? His body is in a museum in Cairo. He claimed to be God but look at him now. Fir Awn drowning, in his last moments, tries to accept Islam but it is far too late and his repentance is rejected. This is a harsh warning to those who think they can accept Islam or repent while on their death beds. The Quran mentioned that his body would be preserved. But this day We save you in your body that you may be a Sign for those after you. Most of Mankind are heedless of Our Signs.[5] A Hadith[6] warns us about a man who did not do a single good deed but at the time of death he was so fearful he thought he could escape ALLAH (SWT) by telling his children to burn his body and scatter his ashes across different lands and oceans. ALLAH (SWT) was still able to resurrect him[7]. It does not matter how you die or what condition your body is in. If you did not have a burial your soul will be placed in the ground where you took your last breath. Every soul will taste of death. Then to Us you will be returned.[8] Even the Prophets, the best of mankind, had to taste death. The Prophet Ibrahim[9] (AS)[10] was reluctant stating a friend does not take the life of his friend. ALLAH[11] (SWT)[12] told Izrail[13] to say a friend does not refuse the invitation to meet his friend. Upon hearing this, the Prophet Ibrahim (AS) submitted to ALLAH (SWT) one final time[14]. What a way of looking at death as going to meet your Friend! The Prophet Musa[15] (AS) also did not wish to die and ended up punching Izrail so hard; one of his eyeballs fell out. Izrail reported this to ALLAH (SWT) who restored his eye and told him to tell the Prophet Musa (AS) to place his hand on the back of an ox and that however many hairs he held, he would live for the equivalent number of years and then die. Upon hearing this the Prophet Musa (AS) agreed to die immediately[16]. Muslims believe the Prophet Isa[17] (AS) will return to earth a 2nd time and he will do many miraculous things such as killing the Dajjal.[18] However the main purpose of his return is to fulfil the promise of ALLAH (SWT) in the above verse. The Prophet Isa (AS) has yet to taste death and the idea of crucifixion is heavily rejected in the Quran. Whatever came from the earth must return to the earth meaning we came from dust and we shall return to dust. They slew him not nor crucified him[19] When the Angel of Death comes to collect a soul he does not leave without taking what he came for. The believers soul is removed gently where as the disbelievers soul is ripped out. When the soul of a disbeliever is removed, it is black and has a foul stench where as the believer soul is shining and has a beautiful fragrance. The soul of the believer is handed to the Angels of Mercy who inform him of glad tidings and blessings of his Lord (SWT). The soul of the disbeliever is handed to the Angels of Punishment who curse him and inform of his Lord (SWT)s wrath. The souls are then taken to their respective locations to have their book of deeds registered. Nay, but the record of the vile is in Sijjin[20] Nay, but the record of the righteous is in Illiyin[21] Both souls will at first go up but the disbelievers soul will be thrown down after being rejected entry into Heaven and then is taken to Sijjin which is either in the vicinity of or close proximity to Hell and is a dreadful place. The believers soul is admitted into Paradise where it is greeted by the angels and inhabitants who wish peace. It is taken up to the 7th Heaven going through each Heaven with all inhabitants and Angels accompanying it until it reaches Illiyin. Once registration is complete, the believing soul is greeted by ALLAH (SWT)! What a great honour! It is then unclear what happens to the soul while waiting to return to the body. In Islam, it is recommended to perform the funeral as soon as possible, on the same day if possible because the soul is returned to the body before the funeral. This does not mean a return to life but simply that the soul resides in the body and is able to see and hear happenings but unable to communicate or perform any action. At the site of the graveyard, the soul will be able to sense the Angels but they will not approach whilst the relatives are there. The soul will cry out but to no avail. No one is able to help any more. Once the burial is completed, slowly everyone disperses, as the last relative leaves the soul will hear the footsteps departing. Now the Angels will descend and the questioning will begin. The 3 questions will be: Who is your Lord?[22] What is your religion?[23] Who is your Prophet?[24] The answers may seem obvious now but at that moment it will be extremely difficult especially when faced with the sight of two tremendous Angels. Only a true believer will be able to answer correctly and his grave will be made a place of rest and comfort. A disbeliever will not be able to answer and thus the Punishment of the Grave will begin[25]. This is ones individual judgement but does not necessarily determine whether one will enter Heaven or Hell as the Punishment of the Grave may be a process of purification especially for Muslims who were sinners so that they may receive the Forgiveness and Mercy on the Last Day. Having answered correctly, the believer will be shown a vision of Hell which he is safe from and then a door to Heaven will be opened so that he may enjoy the sights and smells. His grave will be lit and expanded for him and his good deeds will be personified into a handsome young man to keep him company until The Day Of Judgement. On the other hand, a disbeliever will be shown a vision of Heaven which he will never enter and a door to Hell will be opened so that he may have a preview of the torment to come. His grave will be constricted until his ribs are crushed and his evil deeds are personified as a vile ugly old man and the Angels of Punishment will strike him with hammers and other Punishments will occur until The Day Of Judgement[26]. The life of this world is but comfort of illusion.[27] This life is just temporary. It has been designed as a test for us to see who remembers ALLAH (SWT) and who is distracted by the dunya[28]. After life in the grave, everyone will be resurrected and receive their final Judgement based on their actions. Blessed is He in Whose hand is the Sovereignty, and, He is Able to do all things. Who has created life and death that He may try you which of you is best in conduct; and He is the Mighty, the Forgiving.[29] The remembrance of death should play a vital part of a Muslims daily life and he should take a portion of his time every day to contemplate on this. He should contemplate the certainty of death and the fact that it could happen anywhere anytime. He should reflect on the events during and after death. He should ponder over the fact that his possessions and property will remain here. By remembering the certainty of death, he will realise how petty and temporal the temptations of this world are. By remembering the fact it could happen instantly it will cause him to repent immediately as he aware of the example of Fir Awn. It will also lessen the inclination to sin as he will not want to die in a state of sin. By reflecting on the process of death, he will be determined to achieve the fate of the righteous soul not that of the evil soul. He will realize how temporary the material things are and spend less time trying to acquire them and focus on the good deeds which will accompany him. I would like to end with a verse of the Quran which we should ponder over. We belong to ALLAH and to Him is our return.[30] Bibliography Sahih Bukhari: Book 4: Volume 55: Hadith 619 Sahih Muslim: Book 37: Hadith 6637 Abu Dawud: Book 40: Hadith 4735 Azimabadi, B. (2001) Stories Of The Holy Prophets Lahore: Talha Publications Emerick, Y. (2002) The Complete Idiots Guide To Understanding Islam New York: Beach Book Productions Hadimi M. Emrullah A. (2001). Ethics Of Islam. (3rd Ed). Istanbul: Waqf Ikhlas Publications. Pickthall, M.M. (2006). The Meaning Of The Glorious Quran. (Revised Edition). Birmingham: I.D.C.I. Toropov B. Buckles L. (2004). The Complete Idiots Guide To World Religions New York: Beach Brook Productions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death 14/12/09 [1] Wikipedia [2] 4:78 [3] 102:1,2 [4] Fir Awn was the Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt who opposed the Prophet Musa (AS) [5] 10:92 [6] Saying or action or approval of the Prophet (SAW) [7] Sahih Muslim [8] 29:57 [9] Abraham [10] Alayhis Salaam = Peace be upon him [11] GOD [12] Subhanahu Wa Taala = Glorious and Exalted is He [13] The Angel Of Death [14] Stories Of The Holy Prophets P:46 [15] Moses [16] Sahih Bukhari [17] Jesus [18] Anti Christ [19] 4:157 [20] 83:7 [21] 83:18 [22] The only correct answer is ALLAH (SWT) [23] The only correct answer is Islam [24] Every nation was sent a Prophet and each nation must give the name of its own Prophet. Previous nations answers would include Prophet Musa (AS) or Prophet Isa (AS) but since the advent of the last final Prophet in Arabia, the only acceptable answer from the 7th Century onwards is Prophet Mohammed (SAW) [25] Abu Dawud [26] Understanding Islam P:60 [27]3:185 [28] World [29] 67:1,2 [30] 2:156