The Evolution of British Poetry Essay - 927 Words

The Evolution of British Poetry nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the literary history of the Renaissance, a gradual but dramatic change in the poetic style of the time becomes apparent. From one contribution to another, the rebellion between the poetic styles is evident. Early Elizabethan and Jacobean poetry demonstrates the love that mankind shares and the universal truths that the people of that time held so dear. On through the neoclassical and romantic eras, the style becomes centered on personal delight and warmth. This paper intends to follow and describe this evolution of British poetry. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To introduce a change, one must institute a type of first standard. The Elizabethan literary type did just†¦show more content†¦Neoclassic poetry suspects that the reader is more in tune with his or her brain rather than his heart. The poems were intended to reach a more educated population, with to much knowledge for the skeptic side.; (An Essay on Man, L. 5) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With yet another change, the Romantic era brought back some of the early forms of poetry as experienced in the Elizabethan era. Romantic poets used emotion and spontaneity to draw people in. The poems gave a sense of warmth and safety to their readers. However, at the same time, they introduced wild and exciting topics. The poems demonstrate not a love for people, but rather a love for ones country and nature, we see little in nature that is ours.; (The World is too Much with Us, L. 3) Romantics delighted in the supernatural and mysteries. Using ones imagination to invoke a sense of excitement, The sea blooms and the oozy woodsamp;#8230;; (Ode to the West Wind, L. 39) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The romantic era was a result of many factors. The main factor for the romantic era was the industrial revolution. Upon the building of factories, cities became larger and more crowded. People used the romantic poetry as a means of letting their minds wander instead of their bodies. This fact truly separates this eraShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The War I1244 Words   |  5 Pages Rushabh Shah History 162B Paper 1 While recruiting men to fight in World War I, the British Army appealed to ideals of masculinity, bravery, patriotism and nationalism. This form of propaganda was intended to shape the public’s views, and shape their decisions to revolve around political, gender, and social identity. Thousands of young British men like Siegfried Sassoon went into World War I with this idealism. The bloodshed found there came as a tremendous shock, as the war was unlike the imageRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of The Victorian Era1715 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst the Romantic Period because she wanted to restore morality and dignity to her country. Queen Victoria introduced rapid industrialization, faster than the beginning of industrialization in the Romantic period. She even developed the first British Empire. The identification of the Victorian Era can be a time of conflict and transition. There is conflict in the higher poverty and the rising of social stratification (Gordon, â€Å"Victorian Lecture Notes†). Another difference in the history of theRead MoreSocial Norms Of Age Of Enlightenment1129 Words   |  5 PagesSection 1 Answer 2 In the 19th century, a period called Romanticism started in the European continent. This period consisted of art, literature, poetry, philosophy and scientific thought. It played a major role in historiography, education and natural sciences. It evolved from a partly reaction of the Industrial Revolution where the social norms of Age of Enlightenment and scientific rationalization of nature was created. 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There was also significant improvements in technologyRead MoreMeg 1,2,3,4 Ignou1582 Words   |  7 Pagesyear) British Poetry-0l British Drama0z British Novel-O3 Aspects of language-O4 1y61llEgmsu witr.fiRftF; School of Humanities Indira Gandhi National Open University MaidanGarhi, New Delhi- 1 1 0068 33 Masteros Degree in English Assignments for lt year Compulsory Courses Course Code:MEG Dear Student, This booklet contains all the assignments of the Compulsory Courses of MA (English) namely: MEG-OI MEG-02 MEG-03 MEG-04 Each course lt year British Poetry British Drama British Novel AspectsRead MoreChanges And Developments Of The Victorian Period1362 Words   |  6 Pageswas characterized for its evolution on the British Literature. This Period that starts from the years 1830 to 1900 was characterized by fast changes and developments, in this situation, from the knowledge, technology and science. The name â€Å"Victorian† comes from the royal woman, Queen Victoria. The single European conflict fought during Victoria s reign, in fact, the Crimean War of 1854 to 1856 contrasted evidently with the 18th century, following this, during the British were involved at least in

Essay about Conflict Handling Styles - 1354 Words

Understanding Conflict Handling Styles In a dispute, its often easier to describe how others respond then to how we respond. Each of us has a predominant conflict style that we use to meet our own needs. By examining conflict styles and the consequences of those behaviors, we can gain a better understanding of the impact that our personal conflict style has on other people. With a better understanding, you then can make a conscious choice on how to respond to others in a conflict situation to help reduce work conflict and stress. Behavioral scientists Kenneth Thomas and Ralph Kilmann, who developed the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument, have identified five styles to responding to conflict—competition, collaboration, compromise,†¦show more content†¦If you constantly split the difference or â€Å"straddle the fence,† game playing can result and the outcome could be less than ideal. 5. Collaborating Value of own issue/goal: High Value of relationship: High Goal: I win, you win The collaborative style views conflicts as problems to be solved and finding creative solutions that satisfy all the parties’ concerns. You don’t give up your self interest; you dig into the issue to identify the underlying concerns, test your own assumptions, and understand the views of others. Collaboration takes time and if the relationship among the parties is not important, then it may not be worth the time and energy to create a win-win solution. However, collaboration fosters respect, trust, and builds relationships. To make an environment more collaborative, address the conflict directly and in a way that expresses willingness for all parties to get what they need. Although all of the approaches have their time and place, you need to ask yourself the basic question, Is my preferred conflict handling style the very best I can use to resolve this conflict or solve this problem? Focus on Interests (Needs), Not Positions (Wants) Understanding peoples interests is not a simple task because we tend to communicate our positions – things that are likely to be concrete and explicit. It is helpful to learn to recognize the difference between person’sShow MoreRelatedConflict Handling Style Essay723 Words   |  3 PagesII.C.5 What’s My Preferred Conflict-Handling Style? Instrument When you differ with someone, how do you respond? Use the following rating scale to record your answers : 1= Practically never 2= Once in a great while 3= Sometimes 4= Fairly often 5= Very often 1. I work to come out victorious, no matter what. 1 2 3 4 5 2. I try to put the needs of other before myself. 1 2 3 4 5 3. I look forRead MoreEssay on Conflict Management Styles 1166 Words   |  5 PagesConflict is known to be inseparable in all human interactions. In any organization, role differentiation acquires the different uses of conflict handling styles. Work direction, reward, supervision, discipline and performance review also involve the use of conflict handling styles. Organizational change and control is also viewed from a conflict perspective. In attempts to explain the nature or dynamics of a particular organizational phenomenon, conflict may be incorporated as a causal factor (BrownRead MoreHandling Conflicts1020 Words   |  5 PagesConflict Handling Styles Josephus J. Ellie (2012) Generally speaking, conflicts are relevant to any human existence. What is worthy of note is how these conflicts, when they occur, are managed or handled, because they would mean so much for the success or failure of the organization. For example, if an organization is to achieve its objective, it must be willing and able to handle conflicts in a functional manner. Organizational conflicts are the discords that arise when the goals, interestRead MoreDetermining Your Personality Style : Assessment1446 Words   |  6 PagesDetermining Your Personality Style After completing the â€Å"Determining Your Personality Style† assessment, I was shocked with my result because it plainly described me. According to my assessment my personality style is Amiable; a person who wants to know â€Å"why?†, Wants to build relationships, loves to give others support and attention, values suggestions from others, fears losing trust, dislike disagreements with others, displays her emotions, and somewhat introverted. I also discovered that as anRead MoreConflict Management Styles Among Corporate Ceos Nigeria1430 Words   |  6 Pagesframeworks used, and identifying which frame work best applies to the topic: â€Å"Conflict Management Styles among Corporate CEO’s in Nigeria†. Also the extract below introduces the theory of â€Å"conflict management† thus describing the conceptual perspectives that informs the different forms behavior by which conflict may be handled. Conflict management Rahim and Bonoma (1979) researched and separated the styles of managing conflict. The two authors devised two basic dimensions namely: â€Å"concern for selfRead MoreManaging Conflict And Organizational Change924 Words   |  4 PagesManaging conflict and the importance of a vision/mission in an organization are two important topics in our course of Leadership and Organizational Change. In this paper we tried to analyze the connection between these two important aspects of leadership. Our analysis and our interviews of leaders have supported and amplified what we have learnt in class. As we have seen during this course, working in a team can often lead to conflicts. In particular there are three types of conflicts that we describedRead MoreManaging Conflict and Negotiating Effectively Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesManaging Conflict and Negotiating Effectively Managing conflict is something that as individuals we experience on a daily basis. Conflict may be in work, school, home, and even within ourselves. What I think individuals have trouble with and do not understand is how to deal with conflict in an effective way or to avoid conflict. I have always believed that not everything are meant to tangle over sometimes to avoid issues it is best to go with the flow as long as it is not a life-threatening situationRead MoreConflict Resolution At General Hospital Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Resolution at General Hospital Key Issues This week’s case encompasses a nonprofit community hospital (General Hospital) that has been subjected to competitive forces that have hindered profit margins by directly affecting the patient occupancy by over 25%. In response to the diminishing returns, Mike Hammer, General Hospital’s CEO, decided to curtail spending and increase costs by implementing â€Å"physician-controlled costs.† The following key issues have been attributed to Hammer’s leadershipRead MoreThe Do I Trust Others?1342 Words   |  6 Pagesfive reasons where a group might endure conflict, why, and how the group could possibly resolve an issue. The Five Dysfunctions are lack of trust, conflict, lack of interest, dismissing liability, and enabling others to be irresponsible. Lencioni also offers an alternative to the Five Dysfunctions of a Team, in which we feel could benefit a person in a leadership position. He lists the following options, â€Å"Trust one another; engage in an unf iltered conflict around ideas; commit to decisions and plansRead MoreCommunication, Conflict, And Conflict1453 Words   |  6 Pages Communication and Conflict Margarita Vela COM325: Communication Conflict Instructor: Kenneth Newton March 10, 2015 Communication and Conflict Conflict is a contest or struggle between individuals with opposing values, beliefs, needs, goals, and ideas. On teams, conflict is inevitable; on the other hand, the conflict’s outcomes are not predetermined. Conflict may escalate and result in nonproductive outcomes, or it may be beneficially resolved and lead to quality outcomes (Cahn Abigail

Drug Prison law Intervention 5

Question: Describe about adult males. Putting together all the elements of a drug abuse program will include but not be limited to: Screening, Testing, Diagnosis, Assessment, Referral, Group Therapy, Individual Therapy, 12-step groups You supervisor needs you to identify, describe, and justify the elements you will want to utilize in the program as well as a list of why it is necessary or important to the recovery of the inmates in your program. Use the following list as a guide. Assignment Guidelines Address the following in 45 pages: For each of the items in the list below, address the following three questions: Briefly describe and summarize this activity/process. How would you utilize it in the prison setting? Explain. Why is this activity/process important to drug addiction treatment and recovery? Answer: Prisoners are deprived of freedom against their wish. Sometimes they are addicted to abusive drugs. Here a new drug program is created for prison inmates. Drug rehabilitation is the psychotherapeutic treatment used on the persons who are dependent on the psychoactive substances like alcohol, cocaine, prescription drugs, amphetamines or heroin. The general purpose is to authorize the patient to terminate substance abuse to stop the physical, financial, psychological, legal and social effects that can be reasoned, mostly by maximal abuse. The treatment covers medication for sadness by specialists. Identification: The longer and more intense treatment is required for the longer and more intense drug use. The abuse treatment program is focused on some factors. And the factors are follow-up services, appropriate licensing, staff credentials and quality of care during the program. I choose drug rehabilitation for prisoners who are addicted to abusive drugs. Most of the prisoners are addicted to the alcohol, heroin or cocaine and for this reason my choice of drug development is to develop drug rehabilitation in jail. First duty is to recognize the prisoners who are addicted to abusive drugs. The group of set of prisoner should make for the testing. Description: The effects of drug rehabilitation versus jail time gave a positive result according to the Justice Research and Statistics Association. Prisoners, who are received drug rehab, are given better result compared to the prisoners who are not received drug rehab (Luxury.rehabs.com, 2015). In my drug developing strategy I have decide to make two groups. One is for the prisoners who will take drug rehab, and second is for the prisoners who will not take drug rehab. In many drug rehabilitation program the psychological dependency is directed. Patients are inspired to separate from the other patients who are addicted to addictive substances. The patients are inspired by twelve- step program to stop the addiction of addictive substances and also the habit to their addictions (Helpguide.org, 2015). A twelve- step program is a set of model concept for addressing problems covering alcoholism. Many programs underline that recuperation is a lasting process. The patients with the addic tion to alcohol or addictive substances are recovered by various types of programs. The programs are addiction counseling, extended care centers, residential treatment, local support groups, out- patient treatment, orthomolecular medicine, mental health and medical care. Medication is very important to reduce the addiction to abusive drugs. Recently buprenorphine and methadone are used for the treatment of alcohol addicted patients. The risk of use of illegal drugs is reduced by proper medication. So we need to take proper medication in a proper way. Screening is a process by which unrecognized disease is identified without any symptoms. Here the prisoners are identified to recovery. After that the diagnosis process is started with expertise skill. The process of diagnosis is taken a long period of time (Promises Addiction Treatment | Alcohol Drug Rehab Malibu, 2009). Different process of diagnosis is required for different prisoners. So the main task is to identify the type of diag nosis by which we can detect the problem. The behavioral treatment contains motivational discussion, short term psychotherapy, family support, encouragement for rehabilitation (Scherer, 2012). Conventional addiction treatment is done primarily on counseling. The counselor should help the patient to identify the problems which are related to their addiction (Dervishi, 2014). A weekly or daily counseling is more effective than the single counseling. In a daily counseling patient recovery is observed prominently. It is important to work with the family members of the patient. A family involvement is needed to a patient for the quick recovery (Bop.gov, 2015). After the diagnosis two groups should be taken for evaluation and observations should be recorded. It is noticed that the group who are taken drug rehab are shown better result than the group who are not taken drug rehab. The process of recovery for the patients who are addicted to abusive drugs is a time consuming process (Kevin J ohnson, 2015). The patient is treated by the medicine and also they are gone through the counseling and twelve step program. The process of rehabilitation should handle softly because it is also consider as a mental illness. In case of prison inmates the first task is to identify the need of individual. Sometimes patients want to overcome from the addiction of abusive drugs. But they did not. Considering all phenomenon I want to develop drug rehabilitation into the prisoners. Justification: This process of reduction of addiction to abusive drugs is very useful. A twelve step program has a significant role in the drug rehabilitation process. Some factors are important for drug rehabilitation. In the American Psychological association it is stated that alcoholism of one cannot be controlled by one. So the drug rehabilitation process is needed to overcome it. By the help of experienced member the past errors are examined. After recognizing the errors are changed by the process involves twelve step program (Drugabuse.gov, 2015). The Patients are asked for a new life with advanced code of behavior. According to the twelve step program patient should help other patient who is suffering from same disease. The twelve step program is published by the alcoholic anonymous. Alcoholic anonymous plays a crucial role in drug rehabilitation process. A membership of alcoholic anonymous is available for the patients who have desire to leave alcohol. The non professiona ls who have interest to work in drug rehabilitation, are also found in the group of alcoholic anonymous. Social workers have the knowledge to work in this field. The recovery process involves several areas and those are emotional, physical, mental and spiritual. The prisoners are neglected from the society. For this reason I want to develop a new drug program. The environment to leave alcohol is not present in the jail. Drug rehabilitation has many advantages for the prison inmates. Throughout the process of drug rehabilitation an exceptional care and support is needed. The twelve step program helps the prisoners for their recovery and they can request support from the counselors at any time. References: Bop.gov,. (2015).BOP: Inmate Substance Abuse Treatment. Retrieved 11 March 2015, from https://www.bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/substance_abuse_treatment.jsp Dervishi, E. (2014). Risk Factor in the Rehabilitation Process of Forensic Patients.Academic Journal Of Interdisciplinary Studies. doi:10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n6p17 Drugabuse.gov,. (2015).Drug Addiction Treatment in the Criminal Justice System. Retrieved 11 March 2015, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/criminal-justice/drug-addiction-treatment-in-criminal-justice-system Helpguide.org,. (2015).Choosing a Drug Treatment Program. Retrieved 11 March 2015, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/addiction/choosing-a-drug-treatment-program.htm Kevin Johnson, U. (2015).Prisoners face long wait for drug-rehab services.USA TODAY. Retrieved 11 March 2015, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/12/04/prisoner-drug-treatment-delays/1739371/ Luxury.rehabs.com,. (2015).Alcohol and Drug Rehab Instead of Jail. Retrieved 11 March 2015, from https://luxury.rehabs.com/alcohol-rehab/rehab-instead-of-jail/ Promises Addiction Treatment | Alcohol Drug Rehab Malibu,. (2009).The Benefits of Drug Rehab. Retrieved 11 March 2015, from https://www.promises.com/articles/drug-rehab/the-benefits-of-drug-rehab/ Scherer, L. (2012).Drug abuse. Detroit: Greenhaven Press.

When It Comes to MMbbl vs. Mbbl, You Can’t Be Too Careful - The Writers For Hire

WHEN IT COMES TO MMBBL VS. MBBL, YOU CAN’T BE TOO CAREFUL Fun fact!   MMbbl and Mbbl can mean the same thing. Our writing team was recently working on a whitepaper and needed to pull some statistics about oil production volume. We noticed that, in some of the sources we used, â€Å"Mbbl† was used to represent thousands of barrels. In others, â€Å"Mbbl† referred to millions of barrels. In still others, millions of barrels was written as â€Å"MMbbl.† We had to do a bit of cross-referencing and fact-checking to make sure we knew what we were reading (and writing). The takeaway? Don’t assume that â€Å"Mbbl† means 1,000 barrels or â€Å"MMbbl† means 1 million barrels or that you’ll see these abbreviations used consistently across different publications or industries. If you’re not sure, take the time to verify.Tweet this And, just for fun, here’s something we stumbled across as we tried to unravel the whole Mbbl vs. MMbbl conundrum: Some people say that the origin of the abbreviation â€Å"bbl† for â€Å"barrels† dates back to the late 1860s, when U.S. oil producers decided that 42 gallons should be the standard volume for oil barrels. When Standard Oil started making the 42-gallon barrels, they made them in one color: blue. Eventually, â€Å"blue barrel† or â€Å"bbl† became synonymous with 42-gallon oil barrels.

Essay on Breaking Down Foundations

Essay on Breaking Down Foundations Essay on Breaking Down Foundations Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot’s article Foundations was published in 1757 and was a very radical way of thinking for the time. Turgot discusses his opinion on â€Å"foundations† which involved corporate charities that were created to aid the community. He felt the underlying motives of the charities were aimed solely to the benefit of the founder and their self-worth, and not to fixing the true problems that were present and all the more increasing with these foundations. He also discusses how these charities change over time and the negative effect it has. Turgot then presents his ideas on what we should do to end â€Å"foundations†, and what should be done instead to further the public good. Turgot felt that charities may have had good intentions but there was more harm caused in the long run than any benefit and claimed, â€Å"Is it not very easy to do harm in wishing to do good†. Because most of these charities looked to have good intentions the public wa s blind to the ill that would come to society as a result. He points out, â€Å"misery is most common and most widespread in precisely the countries where these charitable resources are most abundantly available†. When we provide free subsistence we subsidize idleness according to Turgot. As we give to the poor and create free services we give them no desire to improve upon themselves. There is no desire to work when you can get what you need for free. This attitude which was stimulated by the charities created more beggars and loafers. There was also an example given of the establishment of the houses of asylum for repentant women. These houses were set up to provide shelter for women that were former prostitutes. They would need to provide proof of their debauched life to be accepted. This charity did nothing to prevent the cause of debauchery which was the true issue, but overlooked this and provided a means of housing for prostitutes. If anything this would encourage pros titution as after participating in such debauchery they would then have somewhere to go and be accepted. This cause and effect relation that Turgot implies is resulting from charities is further solidified when he provides an analogy of charity provided to a well-run state with no poor, â€Å"An institution offering free assistance to a certain number of men would soon create some poor†. These charities will break down a state, creating more beggars and thus increasing crime and hurting the overall good of society. Turgot felt over time charities begin to break down and it is impossible to maintain their function, stating â€Å"There is no body that has not in the long run lost the sense of its original purpose†. He felt with time we start to do things by habit and lose the original desire we once had. He references how we feel when we first visit a hospital and the feeling you have toward humanity and the emotions toward the people in misery. With habit the workers in the hospital lose this feeling and he observes their lack of concern toward the patients as they carry out their daily duties. The original enthusiasm that was once had is lost with habit according to Turgot. As a result the purpose of a foundation cannot be fulfilled continuously and idleness is created. This idleness that Turgot refers to creates inaction. This has a trickle effect through the management of the foundation, each becoming less likely to take any action to expose any issues within the foundation. Any monetary interest will supersede taking any action as profit has become the aspect of the foundation. This creates a cycle of foundations that are degenerated and then replaced again and again, instead of being changed for the better. The founders obviously take more concern to the distinction that comes with creating new foundations. The other issue according to Turgot is that needs change over time so what was once

Basics of the Civil War essays

Basics of the Civil War essays The Civil War, which began in 1861, was fought for a variety of reasons. One reason would be the dispute between sides about the federal government. The two sides could not agree on what powers the states did and did not possess. A major issue in this was the dispute over slavery. Southern states believed it was their right to have slavery and that it wasn't the federal government's call. The north, on the other hand, saw it wrong and brutal. After being threatened by the government, the southern states began seceding from the nation so they could maintain the rights and powers they believed to be theirs. There were several battles in the Civil War. Some of the major battles include Bull Run, Antietam, Gettysburg and the Siege of Vicksburg. At the battle of Bull Run, the North failed to take advantage of their position and defeat the South quickly. This battle could have ended the war if the North had won. At Antietam, the Union defeated General Lee's first attempt to invade the North. The Vicksburg campaign gave the North control of the Mississippi River, which affected trade and the southern economy. Probably the most famous of all, the battle of Gettysburg defeated General Lee's second invasion of the North. There were many key leaders in the Civil War that played important roles in the outcome of the war. General Ulysses S. Grant was the leading general of the Union who led them to many great victories. He was in war once before and resigned due to a drinking problem and missing his wife and children. Grant eventually went on to be president after the war. General Robert E. Lee was the leading general of the Confederacy but was first asked to be the leading general of the Union, by Lincoln. He refused and returned home to support his people. General William T. Sherman was famous for his "March to the Sea" through the south to the east coast. He burned everything in his way including Atlanta and many other important cit...

An investigation into managing human resources and employment Essay

An investigation into managing human resources and employment practices in Iran study - Essay Example By addressing the above objectives, the dissertation hopes to bring available theories and practices together, providing valuable literature on Iran Human resources management and global human resources management. There are very few academic papers that have been published in the field of Human Resources management in Iran in English, while there are number of post graduated dissertations and undergraduate projects that are published by Iranian University students in Farsi. In recent years, PhD graduate, Mrs. Pari Namazi (2006) has selected her PhD dissertation on this topic, which is a great starting point that is published and can be found in Online Library of University of Liverpool. Furthermore, in the past few years Iran Human Resources Society, in cooperation with the IDRO has organized annual Human resources Development conferences in Tehran and has called for papers from scholars and experts in this field, within Iran and outside. I have presented two papers in past two annual conferences in 2003 and 2004. Finally, in 2006, the book written by Pari Namazie and Monir Tayeb and published by Routledge on Managing human resources in the Middle East contains a chapter (ch.2) addressing human resources management in Iran. The fundamental approach of this study will be based on desk research that will focus on examining the literatures, laws and regulations, and global and local statistical information. In addition, academic human resources management literature and theory research will be conducted for comparative analyzes. Finally, to make the dissertation academically and practically worthy for HR professionals, I will use structure interviews with Iranian business leaders and HR professionals in private sector and multinational companies operating in Iran. These interviews will be selective and limited to the field of resourcing, people management, compensation and benefit, labor relation and labor law. Project Plan Milestone Description Due date Remarks 1 Stage 1: Area of interest identified Wk2 2 Stage 2: Specific topic selected Wk4 3 Stage 3: Topic refined to develop dissertation proposal WK 17 4 Stage 4: Proposal written and submitted Wk18 5 Stage 5: Collection of data and information Wk 19 6 Stage 6: Analysis and interpretation of collected data/information Wk20 7 Stage 7: Writing

How has the Supreme Court evolved over its history Essay

How has the Supreme Court evolved over its history - Essay Example Supreme Court as it has introduced into practice the concept of judicial review and granted authority to determine the constitutionality of legislative acts and executive orders. The Supreme Court established that a federal law is more important than a state law. Its decisions have become one of the causes of the American Civil War, abolition of racial segregation and legalization of abortion. According to the U.S. Constitution â€Å"the judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish†. This and many other provisions are included in Article 3, which alone contains the list of duties and prerogatives of the Supreme Court. This organ of the federal government was not touched in any of the twenty-five Amendments adopted in 1791-1971. The functions of the Supreme Court were specified in the Constitution very sketchy while the rights and functions of the legislative power, exercised by Congress, and executive power, exercised by the President, are very clear. The Supreme Court took on the role of the higher national arbitrator during the 19th century. It was vested with the authority to affirm, check for errors or even annul not only the decisions of the lower federal courts but also the decisions of the federal, state and municipal authorities. The U.S. Constitution does not detail how many justices should be in the Supreme Court, leaving it to the discretion of Congress. Initially, it decided to appoint six justices. Subsequently, the composition of the court consisted of 10 justices but it sometimes happened that their number was reduced to five. Typically, precise number of justices was defined just to ensure the effective work of the court. Now nine justices are appointed; one of them is the Chief Justice. All of them, in principle, are irremovable and can remain in office for life

My trip Essay Example for Free

My trip Essay SIMRAN: Good morning Mr. Keith, teachers and my dear friends, we are here today to share our experience on our eventful trip to France. On the 4th of this month, 41 French students from grades, 8 to 11 and 5 dedicated teachers embarked on their journey to, Le Centre Mediterranean Detudes Francais or CMEF, located in Cap Dail, Nice for a week long programme.Our days started with us, waking up to a breathtaking and scenic view of the Cote DAzur, very often we would watch cruises sailing peacefully in the ocean. We would then gather in the spacious campus cafeteria, to guzzle down some yummy breakfast. After satisfying our appetites, we would dash off to our entertaining, interactive and educational French lessons, where we were divided into 3 batches (A1, A2 and B1) according to our level in French. The classes were fun filled, enjoyable and most of all, highly enlightening. Throughout our classes we conversed in French and only French. Our classes included us carrying out role plays, learning about France, French music and even French culture. The A1 class even got to go grocery shopping, where they bought goods with the help of only French words. After the first half of our class we were given half an hour of recreation where we all chatted away, flaunting the new, fancy French words we learned. We would then run uphill, to get back to our classes! ALI: Once we concluded with our classes, we would run down to the cafeteria to have mouth-watering and delicious varieties of Continental food. Lunch, although delightful was often eaten in haste as many wanted to play an intensive and dedicated match of football, which we would eagerly look forward to everyday. While we played, the others were supportive and boosted our spirits, by cheering for us during our matches. We even had an exciting football tournament on one of the latter days. After spending an hour daily on football we began our excursions, under the leadership of Tolgahan and Astrid, our friendly, talented and understanding coaches. PARTHA: Every day, we visited a different town, encountered different people and we got the opportunity to taste some scrumptious French cuisine, like the Croque Monsieur for example. We went to places like: The Picasso Museum and Jean Cocteaus Museum, where we got to see artwork beyond our explanation. We also went to educational and informative places like, The  Glass Factory and The Perfume Making Factory. In Fragonard (the perfume making factory), we were taught the art of making perfume. There we were introduced to various fragrances of perfume and their components. Altogether, we travelled to Nice, Monte Carlo and Monaco, which are few of the most stunning, brilliant and lively cities in France, with picturesque beaches and monumental places. SANJANA: After couple of hours we would return to the centre and rush to the cafeteria. When done with dinner we would all form our own individual groups and play a variety of games, like: Uno, Truth or Dare, and sometimes we would even start our own flash mobs. An hour later we would be called back to the cafeteria which would have gotten transformed into a Disco room or a Games hall, by the very dedicated staff at CMEF. Each day we would have a fun, gripping and spirited activity to perform, for example, we would have a really competitive music quiz, a lesson of French folk dancing where we did manage to teach the others our traditional dances without fail and we also had other exciting activities like crepe and waffle making, or I should rather say crepe and waffle eating. NEUSHA: After these activities, nearing our curfew time, we would all return to our rooms to catch some sleep and prepare ourselves for the next day .During this trip we got the opportunity to interact with two other groups, the Italians and another Dubai based school. This trip was a wonderful experience for us to have, and we have made memories that will remain with us for forever. The best part of this trip was the special bond created among the 41 students of various grades which we would have never got to know otherwise. We, the students, and our fantastic teachers, had become a little French family! To be honest, we did not know we were making memories, we thought we were just having a good time! We surely have memories etched for a life time. Now kindly watch a video on our trip.

Prejudice- Right or Wrong? :: Free Essay Writer

Prejudice- Right or Wrong? Prejudice and racism are two major issues that many people have to deal with in their lifetime. It can effect many different people in many different ways. Various thoughts and feelings are shown in the novel â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† by Harper Lee, which shows a small but a very racist town towards coloured people. In the book they convict a black, Tom Robinson, of doing something we know he didn’t do but this was down to a white jury. The book shows and puts across the true way in which the world works. It shows real life situations that any of us could be in, for instance the Tom Robinson case. Many of the characters are realistic in the way they react to Atticus supporting the blacks and the way they discriminate them as many people, even today, have done the same. The characters Jem and Scout, put forward the child’s point of view. This view, however is still quite bigoted. The reason being is that they come from a background who have lived with a black and have never categorized them in any way. So they believe, due to Atticus fighting the case, that Tom Robinson is innocent and also try to take it into their own hands, by following Atticus down to the jail house one night for example, which not all people would do as everyone has their own opinion but this is a very good point in the book to show the way in which people react and live with the situation. Racism has been a steady problem all through time. One of the most troublesome areas of racism is in places of education. Finding a cure for this would be a major step towards ending racism in general. No one has ever thought of a solution yet, so racism will be as strong for as long as there isn't one. For example, In the 1960's, the governor of Alabama, George Wallace, was a militant supporter of segregation. In 1963 two blacks, Vivian Jones and James Hood, sought admission to the traditionally segregated University of Alabama. According to legislation at the time, they had every right to go there; but since the governor was so anti-black and pro segregation, he didn't like it one bit. As the two black students prepared to enter the college, George Wallace stood in the doorway blocking their way, addressing the need for segregation. He refused to move, so the national guard was called in to restore order and admit Jones and Hood to the University of Alabama. This was an important moment in black

Formulation & Evalution of Atenolol Hcl Microemulsion for Ocular Administration

1. INTRODUCTION Objectives of the project: (a) Develop a formulation of Atenolol HCL microemulsion for ocular application to decrease IOP in case of glaucoma. (b) Improve the quality of patient’s life suffering from glaucoma. (c) Reduce the number of dosing per day. 1. 1 Eye â€Å"If a physician performed a major operation on a seignior (a nobleman) with a bronze lancet and has saved the seignior's life, or he opened the eye socket of a seignior with a bronze lancet and has saved the seignior's eye, he shall receive ten shekels of silver.But, if the physician in so doing has caused the seignior's death or has he destroyed the seignior's eye, they shall cut off his hand† the forgoing excerpts are from 282 laws of King Hammurabi's Code. The eye is unique in its therapeutic challenges. An efficient system, that of tears and tear drainage, which quickly eliminates drug solutions which makes topical delivery to the eye somewhat different from most other areas of the body. Pr eparations for the eye comprise a variety of different types of products; they may be solutions (eye drops or eyewashes), suspensions, or ointments.Any modern text on drug product design and evaluation must place into perspective the unique nature of the ophthalmic dosage form in general more specifically. It must consider that the bodily organ which, probably better than any other, serves as a model structure for the evaluation of drug activity, the eye. In no other organ can the practitioner, without surgical or mechanical interaction, so well observe the activity of the drug being administered.Most ocular structures can be readily viewed from cornea to retina and in doing so; any signs of ocular or systemic disease can be detected long before sight-threatening or certain health threatening disease states become intractable. Behind the relative straightforward composition nature of ophthalmic solutions and ointments, however, like many physicochemical parameters which affect drug stability, safety and efficacy as they do most other products.Additionally, specialized dosage forms such as parenteral type ophthalmic solutions for intraocular, subtenons, and retrobulbar use; suspensions for insoluble substances such as hydrocortisone; and solids for reconstitution such as ecothiophate iodide and tetracycline, all present the drug product designer with composition and manufacturing procedure challenges in the development of pharmaceuticals. Opthalmic products, like most others in the medical armamentarium, are undergoing a process termed optimization.New modes of delivering a drug to the eye are being actively explored ranging from a solid hydrophobic device which is inserted into the ophthalmic cul-de-sac, to conventionally applied dosage forms which, due to their formulation characteristics markedly increase the drug residence time in the orbit of the eye, thus providing drug for absorption for prolonged period of time and reducing the frequency with which a gi ven drug product must be administered [1]. Ocular diseases are mainly treated topically by application of drug solutions administered as eye drops.These conventional dosage forms account for 90% of the available ophthalmic formulations. This can be due to the simplicity and convenience of such dosage forms [2]. It is often assumed that drugs administered topically to the eye are rapidly and totally absorbed and are available to the desirable site in the globe of the eye to exert their therapeutic effect. Indeed, this is generally not the case. When a quantity of topical ophthalmic dosage form is applied to the eye, generally to the lower cul-de-sac, several factors immediately begin to affect the availability of the drug contained in that quantity of the dosage form.Upon application of 1 to 2 drops of a sterile ophthalmic solution, there are many factors, which will participate in the removal of the applied drops from the lower cul-de-sac [5]. The first factor effecting drug availab ility is that the loss of the drug from the palpebral fissure. This takes place by spillage of the drug from the eye and its removal via nasolacrimal apparatus. The normal volume of tears in human eye is estimated to be approximately 7  µl, and if blinking does not occur the human eye can accommodate a volume of 30 III without spillage from palpebral fissure.With an estimated drop volume of  µl, 70% of the administered volume of 2 drops can be seen to expel from the eye by overflow. If blinking occurs, the residual volume of lO  µl indicates that 90% of the administer volume of two drops will be expelled. The second factor is the drainage of the administered drop via the nasolacrimal system into the gastrointestinal tract which begins immediately upon instillation. This takes place when reflex tearing causes the volume of the fluid in the palpebral fissure to exceed the normal lacrimal volume of 7 – 10  µl.Fig (l) indicates the pathways for this drainage. A third mech anism of drug loss from the lacrimal fluid is systemic absorption through the conjunctiva of the eye. The conjunctiva is a thin, vascularized membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera. Due to the relative leakiness of the membrane, rich blood flow and large surface area, conjunctival uptake of a topically applied drug from the tear fluids is typically an order of magnitude greater than corneal uptake [3]. Figure (1): The pathways for drainage of drug from the eye [2]In competition with the three foregoing drug removal from the palpebral fissure is the transcorneal absorption of drug, the cornea is an avascular body and, with the percorneal tear film first refracting mechanism operant in the physiological process of sight. It is composed of lipophilic epithelium, Bowman's membrane, hydrophilic stroma, Descement's membrane and lipophilic endothelium. Drugs penetrate across the corneal epithelium via the transcellular or paracellula r pathway. Lipophilic drugs prefer the transcellular route.Hydrophilic drugs penetrate primarily through the paracellular pathway which involves passive or altered diffusion through intercellular spaces, for most topically applied drugs, passive diffusion along their concentration gradient, either transcellularly or paracellularly, is the main permeation mechanism across the cornea [6]. Physicochemical drug properties, such as lipophilicity, solubility, molecular size and shape and degree of ionization affect the route and rate of permeation in cornea [3]. 1. 2 Microemulsions Oil and water are immiscible. They separate into two phases when mixed, each saturated with traces of the other component [7].An attempt to combine the two phases requires energy input to establish water-oil contacts that would replace the water-water and oil-oil contacts. The interfacial tension between bulk oil and water can be as high as 30- dynes/cm [8]. To overcome this, surfactants can be used. Surfactant s are surface-active molecules. They contain water-loving (hydrophilic) and oil-loving (lipophilic) moieties [9]. Because of this characteristic, they tend to adsorb at the water-oil interface. If enough surfactant molecules are present, they align and create an interface between the water and the oil by decreasing the interfacial tension [8].An emulsion is formed, when a small amount of an appropriate surfactant is mechanically agitated with the oil and water. This results in a two-phase dispersion where one phase exists as droplets coated by surfactant that is dispersed throughout the continuous, other phase. These emulsions are milky or turbid in appearance due to the fact that the droplet sizes range from 0. 1 to 1 micron in diameter [9]. As a general rule, the type of surfactant used in the system determines which phase is continuous. If the surfactant is hydrophilic, thenoil will be emulsified in droplets throughout a continuous water phase.The opposite is true for more lipoph ilic surfactants. Water will be emulsified in droplets that are dispersed throughout a continuous oil phase in this case [10]. Emulsions are kinetically stable, but are ultimately thermodynamically unstable. Over time, they will begin to separate back into their two phases. The droplets will merge together, and the dispersed phase will sediment (cream) [9]. At this point, they degrade back into bulk phases of pure oil and pure water with some of the surfactant dissolved in preferentially in one of the two [8]. 1. 2. Characteristics of Microemulsions If a surfactant that possesses balanced hydrophilic and lipophilic properties is used in the right concentration, a different oil and water system will be produced. The system is still an emulsion, but exhibits some characteristics that are different from the milky emulsions discussed previously. These new systems are called â€Å"microemulsions†. The interfacial tension between phases, amount of energy required for formation, dro plet sizes and visual appearance are only a few of the differences seen when comparing emulsions to microemulsions.Microemulsions are in many respects small-scale emulsions. They are fragile systems in the sense that certain surfactants in specific concentrations are needed for microemulsion formation [11]. In simplest form, they are a mixture of oil, water and a surfactant. The surfactant, in this case, generates an ultra-low free energy per unit of interfacial area between the two phases (103mN/m) which results from a precise balance between thehydrophilic and lipophilic nature of the surfactant and large oil-to-water interfacial areas.These ultra-low free energies allow thermodynamically stable equilibrium phases to exist, which require only gentle mixing to form [12]. This increased surface area would ultimately influence the transport properties of a drug [14]. The free energy of the system is minimized by the compensation of surface energy by dispersion entropy. The flexible i nterfacial film results in droplet sizes that fall in a range of 10-100 nm in diameter for microemulsion systems. Although these systems are formed spontaneously, the driving forces are small and may possibly take time to reach equilibrium [14].This is a dynamic process. There is diffusion of molecules within the microstructures and there are fluctuations in the curvature of the surfactant film. These droplets diffuse through the continuous phase while kinetics of the collision, merging and separation of droplets occur [13, 10]. With droplet sizes in the nanometer range, microemulsions are optically transparent and are considered to be solutions. They are homogeneous on a macroscopic scale, but are heterogeneous on a molecular scale [7]. Microemulsions usually exhibit low viscosities and Newtonian flow characteristics.Their flow will remain constant when subjected to a variety of shear rates. Bicontinuous formulations may show some non-Newtonian flow and plasticity [16]. Microemulsi on viscosity is close to that of water, even at high droplet concentrations. The microstructure is constantly changing, making these very dynamic systems with reversible droplet coalescence [15]. To study the different properties of microemulsions, a variety of techniques are usually employed. Light scattering, x-ray diffraction, ultracentrifugation, electrical conductivity, and viscosity measurements have been widely used [20].These are only a few of themany techniques used to characterize microemulsions. Instrumentation and their application to microemulsions will be discussed in a later chapter. 1. 2. 2 Types of Microemulsions Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, but are only found under carefully defined conditions [3]. One way to characterize these systems is by whether the domains are in droplets or continuous [22]. Characterizing the systems in this way results in three types of microemulsions: oil-in-water (o/w), water-in-oil (w/o), and bicontinuous.Generally, one wo uld assume that whichever phase was a larger volume would be the continuous phase, but this is not always the case. Figure (2): Possible nanostructures present within microemulsions: a) o/w; b) o/w, and c) Bicontinuous [22] Oil-in-water microemulsions are droplets of oil surrounded by a surfactant (and possibly co-surfactant) film that forms the internal phase distributed in water, which is the continuous phase. This type of microemulsion generally has a larger interaction volume than the w/o microemulsions [23].The monolayer of surfactant forms the interfacial film that is oriented in a â€Å"positive† curve, where the polar head-groups face the continuous water phase and the lipophilic tails face into the oil droplets [17]. The o/w systems are interesting because they enable a hydrophobic drug to be more soluble in an aqueous based system, by solubilizing it in the internal oil droplets. Most drugs tend to favor small/medium molecular volume oils as opposed to hydrocarbon o ils due to the polarity of the poorly water-soluble drugs. An o/w drug delivery tends to be straightforward when compared to w/o microemulsions.This is the result of the droplet structure of o/w microemulsions being retained on dilution with the biological aqueous phase [23]. Water-in-oil microemulsions are made up of droplets of water surrounded by an oil continuous phase. These are generally known as â€Å"reverse-micelles†, where the polar headgroups of the surfactant are facing into the droplets of water with the fatty acid tails facing into the oil phase. This type of droplet is usually seen when the volume fraction of water is low, although the type of surfactant impacts this as well.A w/o microemulsion used orally or parenterally may be destabilized by the aqueous biological system. The biological system increases the phase volume of the internal phase, eventually leading to a â€Å"percolation phenomenon† where phase separation or phase inversion occurs [23]. O ral peptide delivery in w/o microemulsions is still used, however, The hydrophilic peptides can be easily incorporated into the water internal phase and are more protected from enzymatic proteolysis by the continuous oil phase than other oral dosage forms [17, 18].A w/o microemulsion is best employed, though, in situations where dilution by the aqueous phase is unlikely, such as intramuscular injection or transdermal delivery [17, 19]. When the amount of water and oil present are similar, a bicontinuousmicroemulsion system may result. In this case, both water and oil exist as a continuous phase. Irregular channels of oil and water are intertwined, resulting in what looks like a â€Å"sponge-phase† [ 20, 21]. Transitions from o/w to w/o microemulsions may pass through this bicontinuous state.Bicontinuousmicroemulsions, as mentioned before, may show non-Newtonian flow and plasticity. These properties make them especially useful for topical delivery of drugs or for intravenous a dministration, where upon dilution with aqueous biological fluids form an o/w microemulsion [25]. 1. 2. 3 Preparation of Microemulsion The preparation of microemulsions requires the determination of the existence range of microemulsions, which can be determined by visual observation of various mixtures of surfactant, co-surfactant, oily phase, and aqueous phase reported in a phase diagram.Two techniques are presented in the literature, each of them resulting in microemulsions: (1)†Exact† process by autoemulsification; (2) process based on supply of energy. 1. 2. 3. 1 Autoemulsification: Due to the spontaneous formation of the microemulsions, they can be prepared in one step by mixing the constituents with magnetic stirrer. The order of the addition of the constituents is not considered a critical factor for the preparation of micro emulsions, but it can influence the time required to obtain equilibrium.This time will increase if the co-surfactant is added to the organic phase, because its greater solubility in this phase will prevent the diffusion in the aqueous phase. This method is easier and much simpler then â€Å"supply of energy† method [25]. 1. 2. 3. 2 Process based on supply of energy: In this case, microemulsions are not obtained spontaneously. A decrease of the quantity of surfactants results in the use of high-pressure homogenizers in order to obtain the desired size of droplets that constitute the internal phase as opposed to the former technique [23].Benita and Levy [18] have studied the efficacy of various equipment for obtaining particles of different sizes. Two steps are required: the first step produces a coarse emulsion (0. 65 mm) by using a high-speed mixer. The second step consists of using a high pressure homogenizer. The dispersion of the oily phase in the aqueous phase is also facilitated by heating the phases before mixing them, the choice of the temperature depending on the sensitivity of the drug to heat.Cooling the preparation is required before its introduction in the high-pressure homogenizer, which can raise the temperature. A blue opalescent micro emulsion is obtained. 1. 2. 4 Review of literature: The microemulsion dosage form provided a delayed pharmacological action compared to the pharmacological action of regular eye drops. This observation led to the conclusion that the micro emulsion eye drops have a real advantage compared to regular eye drops which must be administered four times a day due to the short duration of the pharmacological action.According to Naveh et al. , it appeared that the retention of pilocarpine content in the internal oil phase, and the oil-water interface of the emulsion are sufficient to concomitantly enhance the ocular absorption of the drug through the cornea, and also increasing the corneal concentration of pilocarpine. After comparing the diffusion profiles of two microemulsions preparations and an aqueous solution of pilocarpine, Hasse and Keipert [29] s tudied their pharmacological effect in vivo by using six rabbits for each group.The obtained results were different from those observed in vitro. The two microemulsions provided a delayed release compared to the release of the drug incorporated in the aqueous solution. No experimental study has been conducted with microemulsions prepared by autoemulsification. However, several trials were conducted with microemulsions prepared by supply of energy. Melamed et al. [27] prepared micro emulsions containing adaprolol maleate. According to these authors, no ocular irritation was noticed in the group of forty healthy volunteers as opposed to regular eye droplets.The depressor effect was delayed; the intra-ocular pressure was still high 6 and 12 h after the instillation of the micro emulsion. A single instillation of microemulsion or corresponding placebo, namely microemulsion without any drug, was administered to twenty healthy volunteers. The determined parameters were the pupillary diame ter and variation of intra-ocular pressure. The effect of the micro emulsion which contains pilocarpine is obvious as compared to the placebo and was noticed within 1 h from instillation. The return to the initial values was noticed within 12 h [28,29]. Lv et al. 32] investigated micro emulsion systems composed of Span20/80, Tween20/80, n-butanol, H20, isopropyl palmitate (IPP)/isopropy lmyristate (IPM) as model systems of drug carriers for eye drops. The results showed that the stability of the chloramphenicol in the micro emulsion formulations was increased remarkably. Study of the effect of a single dose of atenolol 4% eye drops on 21 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma during a double-blind clinical trial. Monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure, and pulse rate. At three and six h after medication, the average reduction of IOP was 7. and 4. 1 mm Hg respectively compared to the baseline readings without medication. The reduction of IOP at four h after medic ation was 6. 3 mm Hg compared to the pretreatment value. This corresponds to an average change from the pretreatment value of 22 percent. Blood pressure and pulse rate did not change significantly. We observed no subjective or objective ocular side effects. The duration of the effect of a single dose of Atenolol 4% eye drops is approximately six h. Atenolol 4% eye drops may become a useful agent in the medical treatment of glaucoma if a long-term effect and no ocular side effects [30]. . 3 Atenolol Atenolol is a selective ? 1 receptorantagonist, a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers (sometimes written ? -blockers), a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. Introduced in 1976, atenolol was developed as a replacement for propranolol in the treatment of hypertension. The chemical works by slowing down the heart and reducing its workload. Unlike propranolol, atenolol does not pass through the blood-brain barrier thus avoiding various central nervous system sid e effects. 25] Atenolol is one of the most widely used ? -blockers in the United Kingdom and was once the first-line treatment for hypertension. The role for ? -blockers in hypertension was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom to fourth-line, as they perform less appropriately or effectively than newer drugs, particularly in the elderly. Some evidence suggests that even in normal doses the most frequently used ? -blockers carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2 diabetes. Figure (3): Chemical structure of Atenolol [26]

Online Grading System Essay

Computer technology has become an essential tool in the current human race. Computers serve as efficient data storage systems and excellent information processors. It can store, organize and manage huge amount of data. Moreover, it operates on incomparable speeds, thus saving human time and effort to a large extent. True, computers are an integral part of the lives of the people today. It said that inventions change the way people live. Computer technology is a classic example of this adage. It has indeed changed the way of living of the people all over the world. In essence, grading is an exercise in professional judgment on the part of instructors. It involves the collection and evaluation of students’ achievement or performance over a specified period of time, such as one month, a semester, or entire school year. Through this process, various types of descriptive information and measures of students’ performance are converted into grades that summarize students’ accomplishments. The increasing usage of computers gave way for the birth of a new technological advancement that had assisted teachers to easily compute for grades, the digitization of spreadsheets. The main advantage is speed, since no manual calculations are needed, and confirmation of grade for any further necessary alterations can also be performed more quickly than traditional means. Managing grades had become easier for instructors when using electronic spreadsheets1. With the advancement of information technology, the Internet suddenly became an important aspect for local and global connectivity. Because the computers around the globe were logically connected through the Internet, communication had been easier with the use of E-Mail, message boards and other communication programs. As the technology’s complexities and bandwidth arise, so does the need for software to utilize them. From basic text and images, innovation pushed web sites to include tools for specialized services. The need to inject applications to the fundamental web pages gave birth to server-side scripts like PHP, and database applications like MySQL. Thus, having an online system for a particular company, means having advantages, advantages like having to visit the own website whenever wanted with comfort and without having to walk yourself to the company itself. The current Grading System of Asian Development Foundation College is done manually. The researchers observed that the current aforementioned system allocates a lot of time before having to submit the grades of the students from the teachers. The posting and viewing of grades in Asian Development Foundation College is also manually processed. The teachers go through a lot of computations for each of their student’s grade which causes a lot of effort and consumes time as well, then after computing the grades, the teachers then presents the grades to the school administration of Asian Development Foundation College to provide it for the students. The students will have to wait for their teacher to finish computing their grade and will need to go to school to ask for their grades. So if there would be a much easier way in posting the grades by the teachers and viewing the grades by the students, it is through an Online System. The researchers proposed an Online Grading System of Asian Development Foundation College so that the submission and viewing of grades would be much easier. It is far more convenient for a student to visit a website of their school and is able to view their grades through online without any hassle. Moreover, it is very less stressing for the teachers to just input the grades of the students through online without computing manually. So if an Online Grading System for Asian Development Foundation College would be developed, then the process of submitting the grades of the students by the teachers would be easier and less stressing. Because the teachers will not have to compute manually anymore, the Online System will be the one to compute the grades once inputted. And the students of Asian Development Foundation College will be able to see their grades through online. Statement of the problem The proposed Online Grading System is exclusively designed for Asian Development Foundation College Tacloban city. It aims to answer the following: 1. What are the problems encountered by the respondents on the present Grading System of Asian Development Foundation College(High School Department)? 2. What system will be proposed to lessen the problems with regards to the Grading System of the institution? 3. What are the inputs needed to develop an Online Grading System of the Aforementioned institution? 4. What are the assessment of the respondents on the developed Online Grading System of in terms of: a. Contents? b. Usefulness? Theoretical Framework As saying knowledge is power. Gagne suggest that learning tasks for intellectual skills can be organized in a hierarchy according to complexity: procedure following, the use of terminology, discriminations, concepts formation, rule application and problem solving. The primary significance of the hierarchy is to identify prerequisites that should be complete to facilitate learning at each level. Doing a task analysis of learning and training task identifies prerequisites. Learning hierarchies provide a basis for the sequencing of instruction. Learning strategies refer to methods that students use to learn. These ranges from techniques for improved memory to better studying. The method of logic is a classic memory improvement techniques, it involves in making associations between facts to be remembered in a particular location. In order to remember you have to visualize place and associated facts. Some learning strategy involves changes to the design of the instruction. For example, the use questions before, during or after instruction has been shown to increase the degree of learning that occurred have called â€Å"mathemagenic†. Information Processing Theory, this concept of information processing states that this theory is primarily concerned with the study of memory and on the evaluation of information. Like computer the human mind takes in information and performs operation when needed and retrieval. Having accurate information in conducting the study will help in the process evaluation primary concern. The researchers in getting information to their pilot area that will be needed as the study continues have applied the theory2. Constructivism Theory views that knowledge is not about the world but rather constitutive of the world. Knowledge is not a fixed about the individual through his practice of the object constructs it. A person who has the exact knowledge of a certain activity is so much important. When people work collaboratively in an authentic activity they bring their own framework and perspective to the activity. They can see the problems form different perspective and are able to negotiate and generate meaning and solution through shared understanding3. Elaboration Theory of Instruction deals with the macro level of instruction. It is primarily concerned with the sequencing of ideas as opposed to the individual ideas themselves and examples relating to them. The sequencing of ideas relates to fundamental and representational ideas or core principles. This theory serves as foundation from which more specific maybe developed. This is applicable to the researchers study because this ideas with the analyzing of the program4. Conceptual Framework The basis for conceptualizing the Online Grading System of Asian Development Foundation College which is proposed by the researchers is that it can help envision the path that the aforementioned system would be heading to.

Training Cycle Essay Example

Review What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher Would Be in Terms of the Teaching/Training Cycle Essay Example Review What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher Would Be in Terms of the Teaching/Training Cycle Essay Review What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher Would Be in Terms of the Teaching/Training Cycle Essay Theory Assessment: Review what your role, responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher would be in terms of the teaching/training cycle. When teaching we have several roles. We are a mentor, a manager, an assessor, to some we are guide to help them understand the context being taught, a trainer and a facilitator of providing a safe and healthy environment in which the learning can flourish.This system of teacher/training cycle is an important one as the individual and collective needs of students are recognised and incorporated into the planning of the lesson and by understanding that different groups of people can have different levels and styles of learning, and designing a lesson that suits everyone’s needs.The trainer has many responsibilities some of them are to ensure they are delivering the course at a balanced pace in a certain amount of time covering the correct content making sure it is processed and the learning is achieved. Delivering information at a right level which is understandable, providing a safe environment which is conducive to learning, a trainer should give everyone an equal opportunity.Their responsibility is to be able to differentiate between levels of trainees so they can provide teaching at different levels, to check the understanding and provide appropriate levels of support, to be up to date with their specialism and maintain this through continuous professional development(CPD) and make sure that the assessments are fair, accurate, positive and valid. We have to provide a happy environment in which pupils feels comfortable and at ease in which their thinking works better and they feel excited and thrilled to learn the subject as suggested by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.In the light of teacher/training cycle we also have to be firm about accurate record keeping whether it is evaluating our own performance or our students and providing feedback to improvise learning, also reflec ting when planning and teaching can improve our performance tremendously. The boundaries of the teacher are to know their own limits personally and professionally whilst remaining in control and being as fair and ethical as possible. . In my speciality of teaching Medical Terminology I have to ensure that the course content is simple yet effective.I use different aids to make it exciting and vibrant for the students, I design a course with students in mind with a lay man background with little or no previous medical knowledge and gradually build their confidence and vocabulary and facilitate by using lovely diagrams, playing games in small groups and doing creative exercises which enhances learning. I assess those using different methods and try and give positive feedback. I reflect a lot on my taught lessons and think how I can make it better next time and also evaluate students’ performance. BIBLIOGRAPHY Petty,G. (2009) Teaching Today 4th Edition. Nelson Thornes.

PEST and PESTEL Analysis

PEST and PESTEL Analysis The PEST analysis is a tool for assessing the broad environment in which a firm operates and is trying to compete, and the model is probably best-known for providing a virtual alphabet soup of acronyms. PEST is an acronym for Political/Economic/Sociocultural/Technological; other variants include PESTEL (Political/Economic/Sociocultural/Technological/Environmental/Legal), STEP, SLEPT, PELTS, LE-PEST-C (which adds Competitive Forces to the PESTEL model), and SPECTACLES (Social/Political/Economic/Cultural/Technological/Aesthetic/Customer/Legal/Environmental/Sectoral). Apart from different degrees of breadth and the suggestion that some factors can be prioritized in different ways depending on how the acronym is arranged, there is no fundamental difference among these variations. Defining PEST Factors Political: The political environment consists of the laws, regulations, and policies that currently – or in the foreseeable future – affect the company’s operations and objectives. Economic: Economic factors are those of the wider macroeconomic environment (which is to say, practically all of it, one way or another) that affect the company. Inflation and interest rates, equity and commodity market trends, and other indicators such as unemployment or job creation rates all have an impact on the company by determining what stage of the business cycle the company’s particular market is currently in; obviously, if the company is pursuing a strategy that is not supported by its economic environment, that would be a problem. Sociocultural: Cultural characteristics and traditions, the social structure of a population in the company’s market, ethical and moral norms, and other factors such as age, education level, and language are all important factors for the company to understand and respond to appropriately with its products or services. Technological: Technological influences exist on many different levels. The most obvious one is the technology of products, for example, the rapid proliferation of increasingly capable  smartphones and tablets steadily taking market share from ‘traditional’ desktop computers and laptops. Process technology for businesses evolves almost as rapidly  because it is supported by the developing technology underlying consumer products. Managerial technology, the ideas, methods, and processes used to manage businesses competitively, also evolves. The latter is the most likely to be overlooked in an environmental analysis; most firms are fairly competent in identifying the characteristics of their environment, but often do not recognize that the means and methods which they must use to respond effectively to new circumstances need to be updated as well. You may also be interested in: How to Write Critical Analysis Critical Success Factors Analysis Five Forces Analysis How to Understand SWOT Analysis My Assignment Brief Says â€Å"PESTEL† Analysis, so Where’s the EL? Including the Environmental and Legal components of the analysis seems to be current academic fashion; in real-world managerial practice, preferences for more or fewer factors are more or less uniformly distributed – some prefer the longer and more sub-divided format like PESTEL or SPECTACLES, others prefer the shorter version. The pitfall of additional factors is that they are often not distinct enough to warrant separate attention. Environmental concerns, for example, do not exist outside the contexts of social and cultural attitudes towards the environment, political factors that affect the management of the environment, and technological impacts on the environment. Legal issues, such as laws regulating company activities, or laws governing the forming and enforcement of contracts, all derive from political factors, and to some extent, from sociocultural factors; they cannot exist on their own. For the purposes of generating the environmental overview, turning a PEST into a PESTEL or another  variation is not at all difficult. Analyzing the factors, however, becomes more complex the more letters there are in the acronym; careful attention must be paid to how the various factors are related to each other. Common Steps in a PEST Analysis In general, analyzing the factors gathered together in a PEST requires five steps: Step 1. Determine which trends are relevant to the organization.  Past strategies and their outcomes are a good guide to determining which of the factors identified are likely to have an impact on the company in the future; some will be rather obviously relevant or not, but most will require careful study. Once the relevant factors are identified, investigate their behavior over time to identify general trends and patterns that will be continued in the future. Step 2. Identify the interdependencies in the trends.  All of the relevant factors and trends are connected in some way  and either complement or conflict with one another. Using the ‘environment’ example from above, a trend towards stricter environmental laws (a Political factor) would probably be seen to correlate with stronger public attitudes about the environment (a Sociocultural factor) and growth in â€Å"green† products (an Economic and/or Technological factor). Understanding these interdependencies is important to prevent the development of strategic objectives that have unintended consequences. Step 3. Forecast specific issues for the company that the trends will create.  Again, past performance is the best source of evidence for how relevant trends will impact the company. At this point, you should begin to prioritize the trends and the issues that are created from them in order of greatest to least impact on the company and its strategy. Step 4. Develop implications of trends and environmental changes.  The trends and issues should be examined in three contexts: the possible impacts on the industry or sector as a whole; possible impacts on the company’s competitive position; and possible impacts on the position of the company’s direct competitors. Step 5. Conduct a sensitivity analysis.  The particular manner in which this is done depends on the circumstances and priorities of the firm. As a general rule of thumb, if the projected possible negative result of a particular issue is slightly below the ‘worst-case scenario’ result for the related objective, the issue should be considered critical. Advantages Disadvantages of PEST The PEST analysis is a useful precursor to internal analyses  or analyses such as SWOT analysis that combine  internal and external factors. Like the Critical Success Factors analysis, a significant part of the benefits from doing a PEST analysis come from the exercise itself. Key drivers of change in the organization or its market are identified along with their relationships, and this analysis framework provides a sort of â€Å"common language† for managerial decision-making and interaction. On the other hand, PEST does have a number of flaws. The four factors of the basic PEST model are somewhat arbitrary; the assumption that they do significantly affect every business is usually correct, but there is no guarantee of this. And of course, adding more factors to turn PEST into a PESTEL or another  variant comes at the cost of added complexity. The model also makes the assumption that historical behavior and trends predict  the future, which may not always be the case. In addition, determining which trends and factors are relevant to the company and its market is entirely subjective, as is identifying interdependencies among trends to some degree. Various data-management programs can help reduce the uncertainty  but add time and cost to the analysis.  And finally, PEST does not necessarily suggest a course of action; it helps to identify important factors and trends, but not what the organization should do about them.

The influence of technology on modernist and avant-garde architecture Essay

The influence of technology on modernist and avant-garde architecture - Essay Example After the liberal-national revolutions of 1848, there was the need to expand the economy of the colonial territories and to fill the political, military and economic conditions with the traditional European. This led to the development of cities in its suburbs. In addition, the decrease in mortality because of the improved standards of living in terms of nutrition and medical techniques in urban areas resulted in urbanisation. The increase in population in urban areas led to transformation of old neighbourhoods into slums as well as entry of jerry-built houses that would provide shelter to people working in the factories. However, the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1890 and the slum clearance Acts of 1868 and 1875 were established to provide quality housing. As the construction of new houses for workers began, several architectural designs developed in order to produce engaging and beautiful buildings and improve the overall appearance of the urban centres. According to Conrad s (25), in organic architecture, the building, its furnishings and its setting and environment are considered as one thing. Furnishings such as tables, chairs, musical instruments and cabinets are said to be part of the buildings, as well. However, the heating, lighting or ventilation can be incorporated together with other features in the building or excluded. Conrads (25) argues that a human dwelling place should be a complete work of art that is closely related to modern life and fit for people to live. It should include harmonious entity, which is beautiful and suitable in providing the needs of the dwellers. An example of such a building is shown below. Winslow House in Chicago (1893) Conrads (95) states it is through the new evolving techniques that people are able to discover new materials and new ways to construct objects; hence, enabling individuals to learn how to design objects and develop a new attitude towards design. This includes the living environment of vehicles and machines, limitation of certain characteristics such as colours and they should be readily accessible to all. Additionally, they should be economical in terms of space used, time, materials and money. This can be seen in Gropius office (1932) as shown below. Bauhaus argues that the necessities of life are the same for most people. Additionally, he states that the home and its furnishings are mass consumer goods and their design is as a result of reason other than a matter of passion. Machines that produce such products use steam and electricity in order to help people from working manually when producing their daily needs as well as to provide them with cheap products that are better than those produced by hand. According to Conrads (96), Bauhaus workshops are laboratories that are suitable for production of mass products, which are well developed and can be improved with time. An illustration of Bauhaus workshop is as shown below. According to Conrads (96), the Bauhaus represents that the contrast between the industry and the crafts is less marked by the difference in tools used than by the division of labor in the industry, as well as the quality of the work in the crafts. The past crafts have changed, and new ones are expected to emerge in a new and productive industry in which they will carry out work for industrial production. The experiments in the laboratory workshops will produce models and prototypes that will be implemented in the factories to produce quality work. Moreover, the products that have been produced in the Bauhaus are also been produced in other firms with are closely related to Bauhaus. Some of the architectural features that describe a new building according to Le Corbusier houses designs include the supports, the roof gardens, the free designing of the plan, the free design of the facade and the horizontal window. For the supports, it is necessary to distinguish between the non-supporting and the supporting elements,

Observation study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Observation study - Essay Example Introduction Tim Hortons cafe is one of the most populated cafe in the New York region. There are various branches of the cafe in New York area, and still several in the Rochester region (Nelson, 2009). They emanate from a chain of business cafes operating under the same name from Canada. In the USA, Tim Hortons cafe has opened over 800 branches. Tim Hortons cafe, 1508 Buffalo Rd, Rochester, NY 14624 is one of the cafe from the Tim Hortons chain of cafes (Craves, 2007). Methodology To be able to determine why Tim Hortons cafe has many customers than many other cafes and restaurants in the region, a structured qualitative observation methodology was applied. In this study, 45 minutes of full-time observation were utilized, during a Wednesday evening, starting 5: 30 pm to 6:15 pm. The location was particularly selected due to its popularity, as well as the access, since it is situated on the Buffalo road. Structured observation entailed the observation of different activities within th e cafe, including the way the customer arrive and leave the cafe, the time taken since a customer’s arrival to the time the customer is served, and the nature of the service that the customers in this cafe are offered. ... en, since the pre-selection of some participants would render the study skewed towards the desirable characteristics and relationships between the employees and the customers. Therefore, a random sampling method of participants was applied, to ensure that the observational study will be accurate and no desirable social characteristics are elicited on either the customer participants or the employee participants. The selected participants were representative of every aspect of demographic characteristics. Thus, the participants were selected from different ages, gender and racial groups, as well as perceived different economic classes. To establish why customers like Tim Hortons cafe, the researcher looked for the following: 1. The arrival and departure rate of customers 2. Customer-to-employee relationship in terms of language and communication 3. The service time gap between when the customer arrives and when they are served 4. The opening and closing schedule of the cafe 5. The pri cing strategy of the cafe Data and Measurement For the purpose of accuracy of the data collected, the data measurement applied two methods, namely structured observation as well as brief interviewing. This combination was resulted to, after a session of debating that found that observation alone was not adequate for the nature of the study, since simply observing the atmosphere of the cafe, the nature of the relationship between the employee and the customers, as well as the pricing of the cafe would not give plausible and adequate information regarding the other innate reasons that attracts the customers to the cafe. Therefore, interviewing was resulted to, as a complimentary method, to compliment the information obtainable through observation, for the sake of clarification and certainty,

Business Plan to Sell Oil Rigs in MENA Region Essay

Business Plan to Sell Oil Rigs in MENA Region - Essay Example However, the success rate of a new business is expected remain high, if entrepreneurs is able to develop a realistic and achievable business plan by analysing and assessing the associated risk and by framing a set of effective and plausible strategies. This paper will present a brief business that will include product and company features, market and cost analysis with project timeline of the start up business. 2. Product Feature and its Advtantage The product is the start business is the oil rig machines which are basically a drilling machine to explore the underground oil and natural gas. These machines are huge in size that creates hole within the Earth. Oil rigs are installed and used at site where oil is supposed o deposited under the ground. Generally, the oil rigging machines are available in different sizes run by any of the one power system i.e. diesel engines or electrical generators. The oil rig offered by the new start up venture will be very help for the oil exploring co mpanies as it will be able to run on both types of power system in accordance to the available resources. Besides, its new technology used for rotation system and for circulation system will be very cost effective as installation cost will be very low and will be quite productive in term of its cost including its maintenance cost and power cost. 3. Company Description and Formation The name of the new start up company is OilTech Pvt. Ltd and it will be engaged in the manufacturing and selling of the newly develop oil rigging machines. Primarily, OilTech will be based in MENA region and will also be situated in this region as a large number of buyers will be available in this region. OilTech Pvt. Ltd will be formed by joint venture with an existing engineering company who is engaged in manufacturing of the heavy engineering products. OilTech and engineering-based company will have 40% stake each and rest 20% of the capital will obtained through loans from banks or other sources. Cert ain amount of loan will be very helpful in tax benefits and higher return on equity. Joint venture with engineering-based company will very helpful for the OilTech as it will be able to use the technological expertise. 4. Market Analysis and Target Market MENA region includes the Middle East and North African countries and these countries are highly enriched with mineral oils and gas. The most of these countries are oil-based economies and hence, a large of buyer of oil rigging machines will be available. However, market competition this region is expected to remain high as a number of oil drilling company companies and seller of oil drilling or rigging are present. Moreover, many oil and natural gas producer companies buys the oil drilling machines from the other countries like China, Germany, U.S. etc. Some of the potential and key competitors for OilTech are Allegheny Crane, Focus Oil Tools, Korea National Oil Corp, Parker Drilling, Proforma Safety LLC etc. These competitors also offer services for oil drilling and maintenance services to the oil exploring companies (Rigzone, â€Å"Website Listings†). OilTech is newly formed company and hence, it will enter in the market by targeting the small oil and gas producing companies. Considering the features of the product offered by OilTech will be low cost and will also incurs lower maintenance cost that strives to add value to profitability and efficiency. With the increasing demand of the oil and gas in the World economy, the demand of the oil drilling

The Piano History Essay Example for Free

The Piano History Essay In the 1700’s the piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence, Italy first introduced to the world as the pianoforte meaning â€Å"Soft loud†. â€Å"In the last quarter of the 18th century the piano had become the leading instrument of the western art of music that still lives on till today as an exotic instrument played by talented people in the world.† (Wendy Powers, 2003) Music has lived on from the beginning of time by all cultures and races for decades. Music is known to make the heart, soul, and brain one. Without this invention Beethoven would have not made the music that lives on till today and many other talented famous throughout the world. The piano reaches out to the most inner deepest soul all the way to keys that charge up chakras for well-being. A piano has 8 white keys c,d,e,f,g,a,b,c and 5 black known as the Chromatic scale which is 13 including next count which correlates with the 8, 11, 13 chakras. Bartolomeo Cristofori was born on May 4 on 1655 and passed away in 1731. Bartolomeo Cristofori’s occupation was a harpsichord maker and a designer. By 1688, Prince Ferdinando de Medici of Florence, son of the Grand Duke of Tuscany got Bartolomeo Cristofori because of his talent and reputation. The princes owned forty harpsichords and spinets, and hired Cristofori at the age of 33 to both curate the collection, and build new ones. Cristofori became the custodian of the instruments in the court in starting from 1690. Around 1700, he began to work on an instrument on which the player could achieve changes in loudness just by changing the force with which the keys were struck. Instead of the quill jacks used to pluck the string on the harpsichord, Cristofori’s innovation was to devise a way in which the strings were struck from below by individual hammers covered in deer leather. He had created the first two harpsichords with the first real escapement mechanism. When Italian Renaissance spread throughout Europe, the upsurge of innovation in art, culture and science was developing todays known as culturally rich. The 17th and the 18th centuries, decades from when the piano was invented the history of Italy is considered part of the early modern period. However this period, at least the first half, is often closely associated with the dominant artistic and architectural movement known as Baroque. The era of Italian Baroque was the birth of opera as a major form of entertainment. Unlike the plays popular up to this time, opera combined music and theatre into a spectacle that was designed to be a feast for the senses (Chakras). The origins of opera are credited to a Late Renaissance group of poets, musicians and humanist known as the Florentine Camerata, thanks to Bartolomeo Cristofori invention. This time also was marked the beginning of long foreign domination of Italy in the aftermath of the Italian Wars of the 16th century. After these wars were over, the Italian landscape was peaceful for a long time, expression with art talks during these time periods. The Renaissance in Italy was over by 1600 but Italy still made up a large portion of the European economy. However, the economic power of the country as a whole declined and none of the various Italian states did anything concrete to take advantage of the Industrial Revolution but they did however make other history in humanities. From the 14th century until the late 17th century, Italy grieved a very high death rate from many outbreaks of the plague. They are known as the Black Death and associated with medieval times; this plague did not come even come to a near end in the 13th century. The largest death toll had been in the early 1600s when an estimated 1,730,000 people died due to plague in Italy. Perhaps the pianos were some kind of good thing in the survivor’s lives’ to expression and create music. This was almost 14% of the population of the country at that time and also the time the piano had come around. There was an Economic decline; the powerful Habsburgs of Spain had dominated most of Italy in one form or another starting 1559 to 1713, and music and art continued to speak freely. In developing the piano Bartolomeo Cristofori had been working on getting a feel for the harpsichord to respond to touch. He developed a mechanical action that made it possible to sound simultaneously as many notes as one had fingers and do to this to be able to produce any work in the entire literature of Western music with variations of loud and soft according to the players touch at the keyboard. It included a complex mechanical action with a hammer that rose towards a string four times as fast as the finger, an escapement to allow the hammer to rebound from the freely vibrating string, a check for the hammer to prevent bouncing, and a shift so the hammer would play only one of the two strings to reduce volume. Cristofori’s hammer mechanism was so well designed, that no other of comparable sensitivity and reliability was developed as known for another seventy-five years. The highly compound accomplishment of the modern piano may be sketched directly to his original concepti on. Todays the piano sustains pitches in a lyrical fashion, creating all musical styles and moods and is universal all because of Bartolomeo Cristofori’s invention of the great musical instrument. This popular instrument has changed over the years (except for its hammers), and how its flexibility and expressiveness have inspired composers such as Beethoven, Schumann, Liszt, and Bartà ³k. It’s been pasted down for decades and artist today become best friends with the piano as they have the talent to sing and play with the piano. People have talents and a musical part in their life because of the invention that was lead down for decades starting from Beethoven. Pianos have improved from the 1700s of course from sound, shape and functionality since Bartolomeo Cristofori’s invention but he was the Italian that brought a different sound of music into our world. We went from having 88 keys on the piano 36 black and 52 white to high performance grand pianos with 92 keys as of today. From 1790 to the mid-1800s, piano technology and sound was greatly improved due to the inventions of the Industrial Revolution, such as the new high quality steel called piano wire, and the ability to precisely cast iron frames. The tonal range of the piano increased from the five octaves of the pianoforte to the seven and more octaves found on modern pianos. Around 1780, the upright piano was created by Johann Schmidt of Salzburg, Austria and later improved in 1802 by Thomas Loud of London whose upright piano had strings that ran diagonally. In 1881, an early patent for a piano player was issued to John McTammany of Cambridge, Mass. John McTammany described h is invention as a mechanical musical instrument. It worked using narrow sheets of perforated flexible paper which triggered the notes. A later automatic piano player was the Angelus patented by Edward H. Leveaux of England on 27 February 1879, and described as an apparatus for storing and transmitting motive power. John McTammanys invention was actually the earlier one invented (1876), however, the patents dates are in the opposite order due to filing procedures. On March 28, 1889, William Fleming received a patent for a player piano using electricity. Although before all these important beings and Bartolomeo Cristofori a man named Johannes Spinctus made the Spinet when later followed Bartolomeo Cristofori and his invention of the Spinettone which means â€Å"Big Spinet†. Not all of the piano elements where invented by Bartolomeo, but he did built the first piano and made great improvements in his time. Musicians that we still listen to their creations to including Bach and Beethoven first played on Bartolomeo Cristoforiâ₠¬â„¢s Harpsichord and liked to do so because of the higher pitch! Bartolomeo Cristofori put the pieces of the puzzle together for the invention of the piano. â€Å"The modern piano keyboard was first established during the 13th century of Medieval Europe with black and white wooden keys as it was later invented by Cristofori.† N/A (Unknown) Title Of Source: Piano History: The Complete Story. For decades the piano has become part of a business and career, and great talent of musical art. My boyfriend is a producer and he plays the piano and it is also a proven fact that music is the best medicine, specially hearing a piano play, and it was all because of the invention of the original piano back in time that lead to improved ones as of today. People evolved and became smarter and had the sources to build improved pianos. The piano is something that can be passed down for decades to come, just as Bartolomeo’s pieces have and changed the universe. Looking deeper into the Piano, it was created as corresponding to the flower of life. The flower of life is the original perfect geometric cemetry that created the universe. It is not only the root of mathematical proportions but also the source of shape, light of photonic solids and the source to every musical system in the world both known and unknown to humans, yes the dearest piano too. Isn’t it just phenomenal to know that music notes are separated by 90 degrees so are our chakras. So we can thank the flower of life that gave us the piano. The piano is a beautiful instrument that makes harmonic music and good for the soul. Now, what I came to conclusion is the piano might has not been able to change the world because wars, starvation and injustice continued. In the world of musicians and music lovers the piano was an improvement over the harpsichord which was only able to play loud of soft when levers where pushed. Many people try to push their dreams, because of their piano perfection and that opens doors to the talented! It’s nice to have a piano around; it’s a different feel every time, a great field of sound. Today 3 creations of Bartolomeo Cristofori from the years 1720, 1722, and 1726 remain in Museum’s around the world, but are too old and not playable. References Arkenberg, Rebecca. (October, 2002) Title of Source: Music in the Renaissance† Retrieved From: 2000http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/renm/hd_renm.htm Bellis, Mary. (Unknown) Title of Source: The History of the Piano Bartolomeo Cristofori Retrieved From: http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/piano.htm Cipolla, Carlo M. (1981) Title of Source: Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy. Retrieved From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_plague_of_1629%E2%80%931631 Duchnycz, Jordan. (May, 2012) Title Of Source: Spirit Of Science 1-15 full movie series Retrieved From: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaDOkMEK4ukfeature=related Powers, Wendy. (October, 2003) Title Of Source: The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731) Retrieved From: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cris/hd_cris.htm N/A. (Unknown). Title of Source: Who Invented the Piano? Retrieved From: http://www.piano-play-it.com/who-invented-the-piano.html N/A (Unknown) Title Of Source: Piano History: The Complete Story Retrieved From: http://www.get-piano-lessons.com/piano-history.html